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Pronunciation | (zur-KOH-nee-əm) |
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Appearance | silvery white |
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| 91.224(2)[1] |
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Atomic number (Z) | 40 |
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Group | group 4 |
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Period | period 5 |
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Block | d-block |
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Electron configuration | [Kr] 4d2 5s2 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 2125 K (1852 °C, 3365 °F) |
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Boiling point | 4650 K (4377 °C, 7911 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | 6.52 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 5.8 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 14 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | 591 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 25.36 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
at T (K) |
2639 |
2891 |
3197 |
3575 |
4053 |
4678 |
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Oxidation states | −2, 0, +1,[2] +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.33 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 640.1 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1270 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 2218 kJ/mol
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Atomic radius | empirical: 160 pm |
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Covalent radius | 175±7 pm |
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Spectral lines of zirconium |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | hexagonal close-packed (hcp) |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 3800 m/s (at 20 °C) |
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Thermal expansion | 5.7 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) |
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Thermal conductivity | 22.6 W/(m⋅K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 421 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic[3] |
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Young's modulus | 88 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 33 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 91.1 GPa |
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Poisson ratio | 0.34 |
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Mohs hardness | 5.0 |
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Vickers hardness | 820–1800 MPa |
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Brinell hardness | 638–1880 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7440-67-7 |
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Naming | after zircon, zargun زرگون meaning "gold-colored". |
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Discovery | Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1789) |
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First isolation | Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1824) |
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Main isotopes[4] |
Decay |
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abundance |
half-life (t1/2) |
mode |
product |
88Zr |
synth |
83.4 d |
ε |
88Y |
γ |
– |
89Zr |
synth |
78.4 h |
ε |
89Y |
β+ |
89Y |
γ |
– |
90Zr |
51.5% |
stable |
91Zr |
11.2% |
stable |
92Zr |
17.1% |
stable |
93Zr |
trace |
1.53×106 y |
β− |
93Nb |
94Zr |
17.4% |
stable |
96Zr |
2.80% |
2.0×1019 y[5] |
β−β− |
96Mo |
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Category: Zirconium | references |