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Alternative name | sulphur (British spelling) |
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Allotropes | see Allotropes of sulfur |
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Appearance | lemon yellow sintered microcrystals |
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| [32.059, 32.076][1] |
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Atomic number (Z) | 16 |
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Group | group 16 (chalcogens) |
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Period | period 3 |
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Block | p-block |
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Electron configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p4 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 6 |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 388.36 K (115.21 °C, 239.38 °F) |
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Boiling point | 717.8 K (444.6 °C, 832.3 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | alpha: 2.07 g/cm3 beta: 1.96 g/cm3 gamma: 1.92 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 1.819 g/cm3 |
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Critical point | 1314 K, 20.7 MPa |
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Heat of fusion | mono: 1.727 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | mono: 45 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 22.75 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
at T (K) |
375 |
408 |
449 |
508 |
591 |
717 |
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Oxidation states | −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.58 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 999.6 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 2252 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 3357 kJ/mol
- (more)
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Covalent radius | 105±3 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 180 pm |
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Spectral lines of sulfur |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | orthorhombic |
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Thermal conductivity | 0.205 W/(m⋅K) (amorphous) |
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Electrical resistivity | 2×1015 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C) (amorphous) |
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Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic[2] |
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Molar magnetic susceptibility | (α) −15.5×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[3] |
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Bulk modulus | 7.7 GPa |
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Mohs hardness | 2.0 |
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CAS Number | 7704-34-9 |
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Discovery | before 2000 BCE[4] |
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Recognized as an element by | Antoine Lavoisier (1777) |
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Main isotopes |
Decay |
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abundance |
half-life (t1/2) |
mode |
product |
32S |
94.8% |
stable |
33S |
0.760% |
stable |
34S |
4.37% |
stable |
35S |
trace |
87.37 d |
β− |
35Cl |
36S |
0.02% |
stable |
34S abundances vary greatly (between 3.96 and 4.77 percent) in natural samples. |
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Category: Sulfur | references |