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Pronunciation | |
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Allotropes | see Allotropes of silicon |
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Appearance | crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces |
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| [28.084, 28.086][1] |
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Group | group 14 (carbon group) |
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Period | period 3 |
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Block | p-block |
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Electron configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p2 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 4 |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 1687 K (1414 °C, 2577 °F) |
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Boiling point | 3538 K (3265 °C, 5909 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | 2.3290 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 2.57 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 50.21 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | 383 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 19.789 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
at T (K) |
1908 |
2102 |
2339 |
2636 |
3021 |
3537 |
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Oxidation states | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[2] +1,[3] +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.90 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 786.5 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1577.1 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 3231.6 kJ/mol
- (more)
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Atomic radius | empirical: 111 pm |
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Covalent radius | 111 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 210 pm |
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Spectral lines of silicon |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | face-centered diamond-cubic |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 8433 m/s (at 20 °C) |
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Thermal expansion | 2.6 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) |
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Thermal conductivity | 149 W/(m⋅K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 2.3×103 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)[4] |
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Band gap | 1.12 eV (at 300 K) |
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Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic[5] |
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Molar magnetic susceptibility | −3.9·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[6] |
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Young's modulus | 130–188 GPa[7] |
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Shear modulus | 51–80 GPa[7] |
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Bulk modulus | 97.6 GPa[7] |
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Poisson ratio | 0.064–0.28[7] |
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Mohs hardness | 6.5 |
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CAS Number | 7440-21-3 |
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Naming | after Latin 'silex' or 'silicis', meaning flint |
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Prediction | Antoine Lavoisier (1787) |
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Discovery and first isolation | Jöns Jacob Berzelius[8][9] (1823) |
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Named by | Thomas Thomson (1817) |
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Main isotopes[10] |
Decay |
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abundance |
half-life (t1/2) |
mode |
product |
28Si |
92.2% |
stable |
29Si |
4.7% |
stable |
30Si |
3.1% |
stable |
31Si |
trace |
2.62 h |
β− |
31P |
32Si |
trace |
153 y |
β− |
32P |
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Category: Silicon | references |