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Appearance | Red-orange metallic luster |
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| 63.546(3)[1] |
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Atomic number (Z) | 29 |
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Group | group 11 |
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Period | period 4 |
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Block | d-block |
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Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s1 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 1 |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 1357.77 K (1084.62 °C, 1984.32 °F) |
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Boiling point | 2835 K (2562 °C, 4643 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | 8.96 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 8.02 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 13.26 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | 300.4 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 24.440 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
at T (K) |
1509 |
1661 |
1850 |
2089 |
2404 |
2834 |
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Oxidation states | −2, 0,[2] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.90 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 745.5 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1957.9 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 3555 kJ/mol
- (more)
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Atomic radius | empirical: 128 pm |
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Covalent radius | 132±4 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 140 pm |
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Spectral lines of copper |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | face-centered cubic (fcc) |
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Speed of sound thin rod | (annealed) 3810 m/s (at r.t.) |
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Thermal expansion | 16.5 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) |
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Thermal conductivity | 401 W/(m⋅K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 16.78 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic[3] |
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Molar magnetic susceptibility | −5.46×10−6 cm3/mol[4] |
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Young's modulus | 110–128 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 48 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 140 GPa |
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Poisson ratio | 0.34 |
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Mohs hardness | 3.0 |
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Vickers hardness | 343–369 MPa |
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Brinell hardness | 235–878 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7440-50-8 |
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Naming | after Cyprus, principal mining place in Roman era (Cyprium) |
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Discovery | Middle East (9000 BC) |
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Symbol | "Cu": from Latin cuprum |
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Main isotopes[5] |
Decay |
|
abundance |
half-life (t1/2) |
mode |
product |
63Cu |
69.2% |
stable |
64Cu |
synth |
12.70 h |
β+ |
64Ni |
β− |
64Zn |
65Cu |
30.9% |
stable |
67Cu |
synth |
61.83 h |
β− |
67Zn |
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Category: Copper | references |