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Pronunciation | (BIZ-məth) |
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Appearance | lustrous brownish silver |
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| 208.98040(1)[1] |
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Group | group 15 (pnictogens) |
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Period | period 6 |
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Block | p-block |
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Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 544.7 K (271.5 °C, 520.7 °F) |
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Boiling point | 1837 K (1564 °C, 2847 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | 9.78 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 10.05 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 11.30 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | 179 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 25.52 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
at T (K) |
941 |
1041 |
1165 |
1325 |
1538 |
1835 |
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Oxidation states | −3, −2, −1, 0,[2] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.02 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 703 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1610 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 2466 kJ/mol
- (more)
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Atomic radius | empirical: 156 pm |
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Covalent radius | 148±4 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 207 pm |
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Spectral lines of bismuth |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | rhombohedral[3] |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 1790 m/s (at 20 °C) |
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Thermal expansion | 13.4 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) |
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Thermal conductivity | 7.97 W/(m⋅K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 1.29 µΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic |
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Molar magnetic susceptibility | −280.1·10−6 cm3/mol[4] |
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Young's modulus | 32 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 12 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 31 GPa |
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Poisson ratio | 0.33 |
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Mohs hardness | 2.25 |
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Brinell hardness | 70–95 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7440-69-9 |
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Discovery | Arabic alchemists (before AD 1000) |
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Main isotopes[5] |
Decay |
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abundance |
half-life (t1/2) |
mode |
product |
207Bi |
synth |
31.55 y |
β+ |
207Pb |
208Bi |
synth |
3.68×105 y |
β+ |
208Pb |
209Bi |
100% |
2.01×1019 y |
α |
205Tl |
210Bi |
trace |
5.012 d |
β− |
210Po |
α |
206Tl |
210mBi |
synth |
3.04×106 y |
IT |
210Bi |
α |
206Tl |
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Category: Bismuth | references |