Immanuel Kant
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Immanuel Kant (UK: /kænt/, US: /kɑː nt/, German: [ɪˈmaːnu̯eːl ˈkant] ; a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1724 zuwa 12 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1804) masanin falsafar Jamus ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu tunani na wayewa na tsakiya. (Central enlightenment thinkers) An kuma haife shi a Königsberg, ayyukan Kant na gama-gari da nagartaccen ayyuka a fannin ilimin zamani, metaphysics, ɗabi'a, da ƙayatarwa sun sanya shi zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a falsafar Yammacin zamani.
Immanuel Kant | |
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Rayuwa | |
Haihuwa | Königsberg (en) , 22 ga Afirilu, 1724 |
ƙasa |
Kingdom of Prussia (en) Kingdom of Prussia (en) |
Mazauni | Königsberg (en) |
Harshen uwa | Jamusanci |
Mutuwa | Königsberg (en) , 12 ga Faburairu, 1804 |
Makwanci | Königsberg Cathedral (en) |
Ƴan uwa | |
Mahaifi | Johann Georg Kant |
Abokiyar zama | Not married |
Karatu | |
Makaranta |
University of Königsberg (en) Collegium Fridericianum (en) |
Dalibin daktanci |
Anton Friedrich Justus Thibaut (en) Markus Herz (en) Johann Gottlieb Fichte (en) Karl Leonhard Reinhold (en) |
Harsuna | Jamusanci |
Malamai |
Martin Knutzen (en) Johann Gottfried Teske (en) |
Ɗalibai | |
Sana'a | |
Sana'a | mai falsafa, anthropologist (en) , physicist (en) , librarian (en) , marubuci, ilmantarwa, university teacher (en) , masanin lissafi da philosopher of law (en) |
Employers | University of Königsberg (en) |
Muhimman ayyuka |
Critique of Pure Reason (en) Critique of Practical Reason (en) Critique of Judgment (en) Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (en) Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment? (en) The Metaphysics of Morals (en) Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason (en) Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (en) |
Wanda ya ja hankalinsa | David Hume (en) , George Berkeley (en) , Christian Wolff (en) , Jean-Jacques Rousseau (en) , Francis Hutcheson (en) , Isaac Newton, Plato, Johannes Nikolaus Tetens (en) , Michel de Montaigne (en) , René Descartes, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, John Locke, Nicolas Malebranche (en) da Benedictus de Spinoza (en) |
Mamba |
Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (en) Russian Academy of Sciences (en) |
Fafutuka |
German idealism (en) Age of Enlightenment (en) |
Imani | |
Addini | Lutheranism (en) |
A cikin rukunansa na ra'ayin transcendental, Kant yayi jayayya cewa sararin samaniya da lokaci ne kawai "nau'i na hankali" wanda ke tsara duk kwarewa, sabili da haka, yayin da "abubuwa-cikin kansu" sun wanzu kuma suna taimakawa wajen kwarewa, duk da haka sun bambanta da ababubua na kwarewa. Daga wannan ya biyo baya cewa abubuwan da aka sani sune kawai "bayyanar", ku ma cewa yanayin abubuwa kamar yadda suke a cikin kansu ba shi da masaniya a gare mu. A yunƙurin yaƙi da shakkun da ya samu a cikin rubuce-rubucen masanin falsafa David Hume, [1] ya rubuta Critique of Pure Reason a shekara ta (1781 zuwa 1787), [2] ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa. A ciki, ya haɓaka ka'idarsa ta gwaninta don amsa tambayar ko ilimin halitta na farko zai yiwu, wanda hakan zai iya ba da damar tantance iyakokin binciken metaphysical. Kant ya zana daidaici da juyin juya halin Copernican a cikin shawararsa dan yin tunanin abubuwan da suka dace da abubuwan da suka dace da yanayin sararin samaniya da na zahiri na zahirinmu, dan mu sami fifikon sanin waɗannan abubuwan. [lower-alpha 1]
Kant ya yi imani da cewa hankali kuma shine tushen ɗabi'a, kuma kyawawan dabi'u sun fito ne daga ikon yanke hukunci. Ra'ayoyin Kant na ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai kan falsafar zamani, musamman ma fannonin ilimin zamani, ɗabi'a, ka'idar siyasa, da ƙayatarwa na zamani. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana dangantakar da ke tsakanin hankali da ƙwarewar ɗan adam da kuma wuce abin da ya yi imani da shi na gazawar falsafar gargajiya da metaphysics. Ya so ya kawo ƙarshen abin da ya gani a matsayin zamanin banza da hasashe na tunanin ɗan adam, tare da tsayayya da shakku na masu tunani irin su Hume. Ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin yana nuna hanyar da ta wuce rashin jituwa tsakanin masu ra'ayin tunani da empiriricists, [4] kuma ana ɗauka a ko'ina dan haɗa labarai biyu a cikin tunaninsa.
Kant ya kasance mafarin ra'ayin cewa za a iya tabbatar da zaman lafiya ta hanyar dimokuradiyya ta duniya da hadin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma watakila wannan zai iya zama matakin karshe na tarihin duniya. [5] Halin ra'ayoyin addini na Kant ya ci gaba da zama batun muhawarar masana, tare da ra'ayoyin da suka fito daga ra'ayi cewa ya canza daga farkon kare hujja na mahallin Allah zuwa agnosticism mai ka'ida, zuwa ƙarin jiyya mai mahimmanci wanda Schopenhauer ya kwatanta wanda ya soki tsarin da'a na Kantian mai mahimmanci a matsayin "ɗabi'un tauhidi" da "Decalogue na Musa a ɓarna", [6] da Nietzsche, waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa Kant yana da "jinin tauhidi" kuma ya kasance kawai sophisticated uzuri ga addinin Kirista na gargajiya. [lower-alpha 2] Bayan ra'ayinsa na addini, Kant kuma ya sha suka game da wariyar launin fata da aka gabatar a wasu ƙananan takardunsa, kamar "Akan Amfani da Ka'idodin Watsa Labarai a Falsafa" da "Akan Daban-daban Races na Mutum". [8] Kodayake ya kasance mai goyon bayan wariyar launin fata na kimiyya don yawancin aikinsa, ra'ayin Kant game da launin fata ya canza sosai a cikin shekaru goma na rayuwarsa, kuma ya ƙi amincewa da tsarin launin fata da mulkin mallaka na Turai a cikin Aminci na dindindin: A Falsafa Sketch (1795). [9]
Kant ya wallafa wasu muhimman ayyuka akan ɗa'a, addini, shari'a, da'a, ilmin taurari, da tarihi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Tarihin Halitta na Duniya (1755), Ƙididdigar Dalili mai Aiki (1788), Ƙididdigar Shari'a (1790), Addini a cikin Iyakokin Bare Dalili (1793), da Metaphysics of Morals (1797).