Mbili ya Sudan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mbiri ya charu cha Sudan yikuyowoya vya charu cha Republic of Sudan, icho mu 2011 chikazgoka charu cha South Sudan. Charu cha Sudan chili mu chigaŵa chikuru cha Africa, icho chikuchemekaso kuti "Sudan". Lizgu ili lili kufuma ku Chiarabu: بلاد السودان bilād as-sūdān, panji "charu cha ŵanthu ŵafipa",[1][2] Ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakugwiliskira nchito lizgu ili kuti ŵayowoye za chigaŵa cha Sahel ku West na Central Africa.
Charu cha Sudan icho sono chikuchemeka kuti Republic of Sudan, chikamba kuwusa mu 1956. Mu nyengo iyo yikaŵa pambere chaka cha 1899 chindafike, lizgu lakuti "Sudan" likayowoyanga chomene vya charu cha Turkey cha Sudan na Mahdist State, kweniso chigaŵa chikuru icho chikaŵa pakati pa Eguputo kumpoto na vigaŵa vya kumwera kufupi na Uganda, Kenya, na Ethiopia.
Mbiri yakwambilira ya Ufumu wa Kush, uwo ukaŵa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo kumpoto kwa Sudan, yikukolerana na mbiri ya Eguputo wakale, uwo ukaŵa na maufumu ghanandi. Cifukwa cakuti yikaŵa pafupi na Eguputo, Sudan yikawovwirapo pa mbiri ya vyaru vya ku Near East, pamoza na ufumu wakuzirwa wa 25 wa Eguputo na maufumu ghatatu gha Nubia, Nobatia, Makuria na Alodia. Chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa visopa, chiyowoyero chakale cha Ci-Nubian ndicho chikaŵa chakale chomene pa viyowoyero vyose vya ku Nilo-Sahara.
Apo Chisilamu chikaŵa kale mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi ya ku Sudan kwambira m'ma 700 C.E., chigaŵa cha Nile chikazgoka Chisilamu yayi m'paka m'ma 1400 C.E.-15 C.E., pamanyuma pakuti maufumu gha Chikhristu ghaparanyika. Ufumu wa Sennar ndiwo ukalongozganga chigaŵa chikuru cha Nile Valley na chipalamba cha kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kukawuka maufumu ghaŵiri, Ufumu wa Shilluk wa mu 1490, na Taqali wa mu 1750, kufupi na South Sudan wa mazuŵa ghano. Ufumu wa Muhammad Ali na awo ŵakamulondezganga ndiwo ukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakwiyire ŵamazaza ŵa ku Turkey, Egypt, na Britain.
Kufuma apo charu cha Sudan chikapokera wanangwa mu 1956, mbiri yake yikakhwaskika na nkhondo za mukati mwa chalo, nga ni Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Sudan (1955-1972), Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Sudan (1983-2005), Nkhondo ya ku Darfur (2003-2010), iyo yikamara na kupatuka kwa South Sudan pa 9 July 2011 ndipo pamanyuma pake nkhondo yinyake yikamba (2013-2020).