Dandira reMapangana eTarachisi
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Muchidzidzo cheTarachisi, (Geography), nyika yakatarwa nemhando mbiri dzemitsetse. Kune mitsetse yakatarwa yakati sambamba neMutsazanisi inonzi latitude; kune mitsetse inotenderera nyika ichibata kuNorth pole neSouth pole inonzi longitude. Mitsetse iyi inoshevedzwa nenhamba dzakarongeka. Nhamba dzemitsetse yerumbariro dzinoveregwa dzichibva paMutsazanisi dzichienda kuNorth pole neSouth pole. Nhamba dzemitsetse yehunhungo dzinoverengwa dzichibva pamutsetse weGreenwich Meridian zvichienda kuMavirira nekuMabvazuva. Greenwich Meridian mutsetse welongitude unopfuura pedyo neRoyal Observatory, Greenwich, kuUnited Kingdom. Naizvozvo nzvimbo dzose dziri panyika dzine nhamba inotaura kuti nzvimbo iri papi mudandemutande remitsetse iyoyi. Ruzivo urwu ndirwo rwakashandiswa muhumhizha hweGPS, Geographical Position System chinova chombo chinobatsira kutaura kuti tiri papi uye kupa rudzivo (direction) rwenzvimbo yatinoda kuenda.
Chirongwa chekutarwa kwenyika nenzira yatsananguwa iyi chinodanwa kunzi Geographic Coordinate System - kuChiShona tochiti Dandira reMapangana eTarachisi kana kuti Dandira reMbariro neNhungo dzeTaranyika. Zita reChiShona iri rakaumbwa nenzira inotevera:
- Mapangana (Coordinates) zvinoreva nhamba dzakarongeka dzinotevera mitaro yakatarwa dzinobatsira kuronda pane nzvimbo iri kutsvakwa.
- Tarachisi (Geography) - iri izwi riri kubva kumazwi ari kuEnglish anoti: geo rinoreva nyika (earth), uye graph rinoreva mutaro.
Rumbariro runopima nhambwe yegonya riri pakati peMutsazanisi nechimiso chiri kuMaodzanyemba kana kuChamhembe kweMutsazanisi; chimiso chinogona kunge chiri papi zvapo pauso hweEarth. Latitude inoverengwa ichibva paMutsazanisi uyo unopiwa nhamba 0o. Nhamba yelatitude inokwira zvichienda kuNorth pole - nhamba dzichipiwa vara (+), kudzamara dzasvika pa +90o. Nhamba yerumbariro inodzika zvichenda kuSouth pole, nhamba dzichipiwa vara (-), kudzamara dzasvika pa -90o. Izvi zvinoreva kuti latitude 20o iri kuMaodzanyemba kweMutsazanisi; latitude -30o kana kuti 30oS iri kuChamhembe kweMutsazanisi. Mepu inotaridza mitsetse yelatitude ichibva kamadokero kuenda kumabvazuva.
Mitsetse yerumbariro inodanwa kunzi tsambamba (parallels) nokuti inenge yakati sambamba, uye yakataramukana nhambwe dzakaenzana panzvimbo dzose. Kana 1o yerumbariroyapimwa tsambamba dzinenge dzakataramukana 111km (kana 69maira). Mugwava wegonya rinopimwa parumbariro rwega-rwega zvichibva paMutsazanisi, ndiro zita rinopiwa tsambamba yacho. Somuenzaniso 45o latitude ndiyo nhambwe yegonya iri pakati peMutsazanisi ne tsambamba 45, (45th parallel). Saka 45th parallel inenge uri mutsetse wokuti nzvimbo dzese dziri pauri dzine latitude 45o; uye tsambamba iri riri pahafu yenhambwe iri pakati peMutsazanisi neNorth pole.