Congress of Vienna
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Majalisar Vienna (French: Congrès de Vienne, German 1814-1815) ta kasance jerin tarurrukan diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa don tattaunawa da amincewa kan yiwuwar sabon tsarin siyasa da tsarin mulkin Turai bayan faduwar Sarkin Faransa Napoleon Bonaparte. Mahalarta taron sun kasance wakilai na dukkan ikon Turai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki, karkashin jagorancin dan kasar Austria Klemens von Metternich, kuma an gudanar da shi a Vienna daga watan Satumba 1814 zuwa watan Yuni 1815.[1]
Manufar Majalisar ita ce samar da shirin zaman lafiya na dogon lokaci ga Turai ta hanyar magance matsalolin da suka taso daga yakin juyin juya halin Faransa da na Napoleon ba tare da amfani da tashin hankali ba (sojoji). Manufar ba wai kawai a maido da tsoffin iyakoki ba ne, a'a, a sake daidaita manyan iko ta yadda za su daidaita juna kuma su kasance cikin zaman lafiya, kasancewar a lokaci guda makiyaya ga masu karamin karfi. Mafi mahimmanci, masu karfi na gabaɗaya, shugabannin tunani masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kamar Von Metternich suma sun nemi hanawa ko kawar da jamhuriya, sassaucin ra'ayi da ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali waɗanda, daga ra'ayinsu, sun haɓaka tsarin tsarin mulki na tsarin mulkin Turai na da, wanda kuma ya ci gaba da yi masa barazana.
A teburin tattaunawa matsayin Faransa ya kasance mai rauni dangane da na Biritaniya, Prussia, Ostiriya da Rasha, wani bangare na dabarun soja na shugaban mulkin kama-karya a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. A cikin sasantawar da bangarorin suka cimma, Faransa ta yi watsi da duk wani mamayar da ta yi a baya-bayan nan, yayin da sauran manyan kasashe uku za su iya samun manyan nasarori a yankuna. Prussia ta ƙara ƙasa daga ƙananan jihohi a yamma: Pomerania na Sweden, 60% na Masarautar Saxony da yammacin tsohuwar Duchy na Warsaw. Austria ta sami Venice da yawancin arewacin Italiya. Rasha ta sami tsakiya da gabashin yankin Duchy na Warsaw. Bayan haka, duk sun amince da amincewa da sabuwar Masarautar Netherlands wadda aka ƙirƙira watanni kaɗan kafin daga ƙasar Austriya.[2]
Abin da ya faru nan take shi ne Napoleon na Faransa da kuma mika wuya a watan Mayun 1814, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin shekaru 23 na kusan ci gaba. Tattaunawar ta ci gaba duk da barkewar yakin da Napoleon ya dawo daga gudun hijira da sake dawo da mulki a Faransa a cikin kwanaki dari na Maris zuwa Yuli 1815. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Majalisar kwanaki tara kafin Napoleon ya sha kashi a Waterloo a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni 1815.
Wasu masana tarihi sun soki sakamakon Majalisar saboda haifar da murkushe ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da na demokraɗiyya da masu sassaucin ra'ayi da ke fitowa daga farar hula kuma ana ganin hakan a matsayin sasantawa na mayar da martani don amfanin sarakunan gargajiya. Wasu, galibi daga baya, sun yaba wa Majalisar saboda ceton Turai daga manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na kusan ƙarni.