User:Mr. Ibrahem/Dopamine
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Dopamine, sold under the brandname Intropin among others, is a medication most commonly used in the treatment of very low blood pressure, a slow heart rate that is causing symptoms, and, if epinephrine is not available, cardiac arrest.[2] In newborn babies it continues to be the preferred treatment for very low blood pressure.[3] In children epinephrine or norepinephrine is generally preferred while in adults norepinephrine is generally preferred for very low blood pressure.[4][5] It is given intravenously or intraosseously as a continuous infusion.[2] Effects typically begin within five minutes.[2] Doses are then increased to effect.[2]
Clinical data | |
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Trade names | Intropin, Dopastat, Revimine, others |
Other names | 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine; 3-hydroxytyramine; DA; Intropin; Revivan; Oxytyramine; Prolactin inhibiting factor; Prolactin inhibiting hormone |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
License data | |
Routes of administration | Intravenous injection |
Physiological data | |
Source tissues | Substantia nigra; ventral tegmental area; many others |
Target tissues | System-wide |
Receptors | D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, TAAR1[1] |
Agonists | Direct: apomorphine, bromocriptine Indirect: cocaine, amphetamine |
Antagonists | Neuroleptics, metoclopramide, domperidone |
Metabolism | MAO, COMT,[1] ALDH, DBH, MAO-A, MAO-B, COMT |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Metabolism | MAO, COMT,[1] ALDH, DBH, MAO-A, MAO-B, COMT |
Onset of action | Within 5 min[2] |
Excretion | Kidney |
Identifiers | |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C8H11NO2 |
Molar mass | 153.181 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
Density | 1.26 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 128 °C (262 °F) |
Boiling point | decomposes |
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Common side effects include worsening kidney function, an irregular heartbeat, chest pain, vomiting, headache, or anxiety.[2] If it enters into the soft tissue around the vein local tissue death may occur.[2] The medication phentolamine can be given to try to decrease this risk.[2] It is unclear if dopamine is safe to use during pregnancy or breastfeeding.[2] At low doses dopamine mainly triggers dopamine receptors and β1-adrenergic receptors while at high doses it works via α-adrenergic receptors.[2]
Dopamine was first synthesized in a laboratory in 1910 by George Barger and James Ewens in England.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] The wholesale cost in the developing world of a container of 400 mg is between $0.28 and $0.60 (USD) as of 2014.[8] In human physiology dopamine is a neurotransmitter as well as a hormone.[9]