User:Mr. Ibrahem/Cocaine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant most frequently used as a recreational drug.[12] It is commonly snorted, inhaled as smoke, or dissolved and injected into a vein.[11] Mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation.[11] Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, and large pupils.[11] High doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature.[13] Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes.[11] Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery.[14]
Clinical data | |
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Pronunciation | kəʊˈkeɪn |
Trade names | Neurocaine,[1] Goprelto,[2] Numbrino,[3] others |
Other names | Benzoylmethylecgonine, coke, blow, crack (in freebase form) |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information |
License data | |
Dependence liability | High[4] |
Addiction liability | High[5] |
Routes of administration | Topical, by mouth, insufflation, intravenous |
Drug class | |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability |
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Metabolism | liver CYP3A4 |
Metabolites | Norcocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene |
Onset of action | seconds to minutes[11] |
Duration of action | 5 to 90 minutes[11] |
Excretion | Kidney |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C17H21NO4 |
Molar mass | 303.353 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
Melting point | 98 °C (208 °F) |
Boiling point | 187 °C (369 °F) |
Solubility in water | ≈1.8 |
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Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the reward pathway in the brain.[12] After a short period of use, there is a high risk that dependence will occur.[12] Its use also increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, lung problems in those who smoke it, blood infections, and sudden cardiac death.[12][15] Cocaine sold on the street is commonly mixed with local anesthetics, cornstarch, quinine, or sugar, which can result in additional toxicity.[16] Following repeated doses a person may have decreased ability to feel pleasure and be very physically tired.[12]
Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.[12] This results in greater concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain.[12] It can easily cross the blood–brain barrier and may lead to the breakdown of the barrier.[17][18] In 2013, 419 kilograms were produced legally.[19] It is estimated that the illegal market for cocaine is 100 to US$500 billion each year.[12] With further processing, crack cocaine can be produced from cocaine.[12]
Cocaine is the second most frequently used illegal drug globally, after cannabis.[20] Between 14 and 21 million people use the drug each year.[12] Use is highest in North America followed by Europe and South America.[12] Between one and three percent of people in the developed world have used cocaine at some point in their life.[12] In 2013, cocaine use directly resulted in 4,300 deaths, up from 2,400 in 1990.[21] It is named after the coca plant from which it is isolated.[11] The plant's leaves have been used by Peruvians since ancient times.[16] Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860.[12] Since 1961, the international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs has required countries to make recreational use of cocaine a crime.[22]