User:Mr. Ibrahem/Quinine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis.[2] This includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available.[2][3] While sometimes used for restless legs syndrome, quinine is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of serious side effects.[2] It can be taken by mouth or intravenously.[2] Malaria resistance to quinine occurs in certain areas of the world.[2] Quinine is also the ingredient in tonic water that gives it its bitter taste.[4]
Clinical data | |
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Pronunciation | US: /ˈkwaɪnaɪn/, /kwɪˈniːn/ or UK: /ˈkwɪniːn/ KWIN-een |
Trade names | Qualaquin, Quinate, Quinbisul, others |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682322 |
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Routes of administration | By mouth, intramuscular, intravenous, rectal |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Protein binding | 70–95%[1] |
Metabolism | Liver (mostly CYP3A4 and CYP2C19-mediated) |
Elimination half-life | 8–14 hours (adults), 6–12 hours (children)[1] |
Excretion | Kidney (20%) |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C20H24N2O2 |
Molar mass | 324.424 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
Melting point | 177 °C (351 °F) |
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Common side effects include headache, ringing in the ears, trouble seeing, and sweating.[2] More severe side effects include deafness, low blood platelets, and an irregular heartbeat.[2] Use can make one more prone to sunburn.[2] While it is unclear if use during pregnancy causes harm to the baby, treating malaria during pregnancy with quinine when appropriate is still recommended.[2] Quinine is an alkaloid, a naturally occurring chemical compound.[2] How it works as a medicine is not entirely clear.[2]
Quinine was first isolated in 1820 from the bark of a cinchona tree, which is native to Peru.[2][5][6] Bark extracts had been used to treat malaria since at least 1632 and it was introduced to Spain as early as 1636 by Jesuit missionaries from the New World.[7] Quinine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[8] The wholesale price in the developing world is about US$1.70 to $3.40 per course of treatment.[9] In the United States a course of treatment costs more than $200.[10]