T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with aggressive malignant neoplasm of the bone marrow.[6] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a condition where immature white blood cells accumulate in the bone marrow, subsequently crowding out normal white blood cells[7] and create build-up in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.[8] The two most common types of ALL are B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes, where the first protects the body against viruses and bacteria through antibody production which can directly destroy target cells or trigger others to do so, whilst the latter directly destroy bacteria or cells infected with viruses.[9] Approximately 20% of all ALL patients are categorized specifically to suffer from T-ALL and it is seen to be more prevalent in the adult population in comparison to children, with incidences[spelling?] shown to diminish with age.[6][10] Amongst T-ALL cases in the pediatric population, a median onset of age 9 has been identified and the disease is particularly prominent amongst adolescents.[6] The disease stems from cytogenic and molecular abnormalities, resulting in disruption of developmental pathways controlling thymocyte development, tumor suppressor development, and alterations in control of cell growth and proliferation.[1] Distinct from adult T-cell leukemia where T-cell lymphotropic virus Type I causes malignant maturation of T-cells, T-ALL is a precursor for lymphoid neoplasm.[6] Its clinical presentation most commonly includes infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS), and further identifies mediastinal mass presence originating from the thymus, along with extramedullary involvement of multiple organs including the lymph node as a result of hyperleukocytosis.
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia | |
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T-lymphoblastic cells of acute leukemia in the bone marrow. In some cases, the cytoplasm is concentrated at one pole of the cell, forming "hand mirror cells". | |
Specialty | Haematology, oncology |
Symptoms | Recurrent infections, unusual or common bleeding and bruising, extreme tiredness, unexplained fever, unexplained weight gain, swollen lymph nodes |
Usual onset | Most prevalent in the adult population with incidences[spelling?] diminishing with age. Amongst pediatric population, median onset of age 9. Marked male predominance [1] |
Causes | Currently unknown |
Diagnostic method | Blood test, bone marrow aspiration,[2] biopsy, CT, MRI, lumbar puncture,[2] genetic testing |
Treatment | Long-term chemotherapy,[3] CNS radiation therapy,[1] stem cell transplantation [4] |
Prognosis | 5-Year Event Free Survival: 70%, Overall Survival: 80% [1] |
Frequency | 7% at ages 1-10, 14% at ages 10-15, and 29% at ages 15-18 [5] |