R gene
Genes in plant genomes / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Resistance genes (R-Genes) are genes in plant genomes that convey plant disease resistance against pathogens by producing R proteins. The main class of R-genes consist of a nucleotide binding domain (NB) and a leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain(s) and are often referred to as (NB-LRR) R-genes or NLRs.[1] Generally, the NB domain binds either ATP/ADP or GTP/GDP. The LRR domain is often involved in protein-protein interactions as well as ligand binding. NB-LRR R-genes can be further subdivided into toll interleukin 1 receptor (TIR-NB-LRR) and coiled-coil (CC-NB-LRR).[2]
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase | |
---|---|
Identifiers | |
Symbol | LRRK |
Membranome | 737 |
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein | |
---|---|
Identifiers | |
Symbol | LRRP |
Membranome | 605 |
TIR-NBS-LRR disease resistance proteins | |
---|---|
Identifiers | |
Symbol | TIR-NBS-LRR |
Membranome | 1343 |
TIR domain plant proteins | |
---|---|
Identifiers | |
Symbol | TIRP |
Membranome | 1344 |
Resistance can be conveyed through a number of mechanisms including:
- The R protein interacts directly with an Avr gene (Avirulence gene)[3] product of a pathogen (see Gene-for-Gene relationship).
- The R protein guards another protein that detects degradation by an Avr gene (see Guard Hypothesis).
- The R protein may detect a Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern or PAMP (alternatively called MAMP for microbe-associated molecular pattern).
- The R protein encodes enzyme that degrades a toxin produced by a pathogen.
Once the R protein has detected the presence of a pathogen, the plant can mount a defence against the pathogen. Because R genes confer resistance against specific pathogens, it is possible to transfer an R gene from one plant to another and make a plant resistant to a particular pathogen.
Many plant resistance proteins are single-pass transmembrane proteins that belong to receptor kinases and Toll-like receptors. R genes are of large interest in crop breeding, providing a large part of the immunity required by agricultural pathosystems.[1]