Methylphenidate
Central nervous system stimulant / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Methylphenidate, sold under the brand names Ritalin (/ˈrɪtəlɪn/ RIT-ə-lin) and Concerta (/kənˈsɜːrtə/ kən-SUR-tə) among others, is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant used medically to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and, to a lesser extent, narcolepsy. It is a primary medication for ADHD (e.g. in the UK[15]); it may be taken by mouth or applied to the skin, and different formulations have varying durations of effect, commonly ranging from 2-4 hours.[2] For ADHD, the effectiveness of methylphenidate is comparable to atomoxetine[16][17][18][19] but modestly lower than amphetamines.[20][21][22][23]
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Pronunciation | /ˌmɛθəlˈfɛnɪdeɪt, -ˈfiː-/ |
Trade names | Ritalin, Concerta, others |
Other names | MPH[1] |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682188 |
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Dependence liability | High[2] |
Addiction liability | High[3] |
Routes of administration | Insufflation, intravenous, oral, rectal, sublingual, transdermal[2] |
Drug class | Central nervous system stimulant & norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor |
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Bioavailability | Insufflation: approx. 70% Oral: approx. 30% (range: 11–52%) |
Protein binding | 10–33% |
Metabolism | Liver (80%) mostly CES1A1-mediated |
Elimination half-life | 2–3 hours[13] |
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Excretion | Urine (90%) |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.003.662 |
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Formula | C14H19NO2 |
Molar mass | 233.311 g·mol−1 |
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Melting point | 74 °C (165 °F) [14] |
Boiling point | 136 °C (277 °F) [14] |
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Common adverse reactions of methylphenidate include: euphoria, dilated pupils, tachycardia, palpitations, headache, insomnia, anxiety, hyperhidrosis, weight loss, decreased appetite, dry mouth, nausea, and abdominal pain.[9] Withdrawal symptoms may include: chills, depression, drowsiness, dysphoria, exhaustion, headache, irritability, lethargy, nightmares, restlessness, suicidal thoughts, and weakness.[2]
Methylphenidate is believed to work by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine by neurons.[24][25] It is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine and piperidine classes. It is available as a generic medication.[26] In 2021, it was the 43rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 15.2 million prescriptions.[27][28]