Hijra (South Asia)
Third gender of South Asian cultures / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In the Indian subcontinent, hijra[n 1] are transgender, intersex, or eunuch people who live in communities that follow a kinship system known as guru-chela system.[5][6][7][8] They are also known as aravani, aruvani, and jogappa.[9] The term is used in Pakistan as khawaja sira, the equivalent of transgender in the Urdu language.[10]
Pronunciation | [ˈɦɪdʒɽa] | ||||||||||
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Meaning | Umbrella term for people who are transgender, intersex, and/or eunuchs | ||||||||||
Classification | Gender identity | ||||||||||
Other terms | |||||||||||
Synonyms | Aravani, Jagappa, Kinnar, Khawaja Sira, Khadra, Moorat | ||||||||||
Associated terms | Bakla, Khanith, Kothi, Kathoey, Third gender, Trans woman, Akava'ine, Muxe | ||||||||||
Demographics | |||||||||||
Culture | South Asian | ||||||||||
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Legal information | |||||||||||
Recognition | Yes (India, Bangladesh & Pakistan) | ||||||||||
Protection | Limited |
In Western terms, most hijras are feminine-identified people assigned male at birth. Hijras are officially recognised as a third gender throughout countries in the Indian subcontinent,[11][12][13] being considered neither completely male nor female. Hijras' identity originates in ancient Hinduism and evolved during the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) and Mughal Empire (1526–1707).[14][15]
Many hijras today live in well-defined and organised all-hijra communities, led by a guru.[7] These communities have consisted over generations of those who are in abject poverty or who have been rejected by or fled their family of origin.[16] Many work as sex workers.[17]
The word hijra is a Hindustani word.[18] It has traditionally been translated into English as "eunuch" or "hermaphrodite", where "the irregularity of the male genitalia is central to the definition".[19] However, in general hijras have been born male, with only a few having been born with intersex variations.[20] Some hijras undergo an initiation rite into the hijra community called nirvaan, which involves the removal of the penis, scrotum and testicles.[17]
Since the late 20th century, some hijra activists and non-government organizations have lobbied for official recognition of the hijra as a kind of "third sex" or "third gender", as neither man nor woman.[21] Hijras have successfully gained this recognition in Bangladesh and are eligible for priority in education and certain kinds of low paid jobs.[22][23] In India, the Supreme Court in April 2014 recognised hijras, transgender people, eunuchs, and intersex people as a "third gender" in law.[5][24][25] Nepal, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh have all legally accepted the existence of a third gender, with India, Pakistan and Nepal including an option for them on passports and certain official documents.[26]