Gastritis
Stomach disease / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Gastritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach.[1] It may occur as a short episode or may be of a long duration.[1] There may be no symptoms but, when symptoms are present, the most common is upper abdominal pain (see dyspepsia).[1] Other possible symptoms include nausea and vomiting, bloating, loss of appetite and heartburn.[1][2] Complications may include stomach bleeding, stomach ulcers, and stomach tumors.[1] When due to autoimmune problems, low red blood cells due to not enough vitamin B12 may occur, a condition known as pernicious anemia.[3]
Gastritis | |
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Micrograph showing gastritis. H&E stain. | |
Specialty | Gastroenterology |
Symptoms | Upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, loss of appetite, heartburn[1][2] |
Complications | Bleeding, stomach ulcers, stomach tumors, pernicious anemia[1][3] |
Duration | Short or long term[1] |
Causes | Helicobacter pylori, NSAIDs, alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, viruses, parasites, autoimmune[1] |
Diagnostic method | Endoscopy, upper gastrointestinal series, blood tests, stool tests[1] |
Differential diagnosis | Myocardial infarction, inflammation of the pancreas, gallbladder problems, peptic ulcer disease[2] |
Treatment | Antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics, sucralfate, bismuth subsalicylate,[1] antiemetics |
Frequency | ~50% of people[4] |
Deaths | 50,000 (2015)[5] |
Common causes include infection with Helicobacter pylori and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).[1] When caused by H. pylori this is now termed Helicobacter pylori induced gastritis, and included as a listed disease in ICD11.[6][7] Less common causes include alcohol, smoking, cocaine, severe illness, autoimmune problems, radiation therapy and Crohn's disease.[1][8] Endoscopy, a type of X-ray known as an upper gastrointestinal series, blood tests, and stool tests may help with diagnosis.[1] The symptoms of gastritis may be a presentation of a myocardial infarction.[2] Other conditions with similar symptoms include inflammation of the pancreas, gallbladder problems, and peptic ulcer disease.[2]
Prevention is by avoiding things that cause the disease.[4] Treatment includes medications such as antacids, H2 blockers, or proton pump inhibitors.[1] During an acute attack drinking viscous lidocaine may help.[9] If gastritis is due to NSAIDs these may be stopped.[1] If H. pylori is present it may be treated with a combination of antibiotics such as amoxicillin and clarithromycin.[1] For those with pernicious anemia, vitamin B12 supplements are recommended either by mouth or by injection.[3] People are usually advised to avoid foods that bother them.[10]
Gastritis is believed to affect about half of people worldwide.[4] In 2013 there were approximately 90 million new cases of the condition.[11] As people get older the disease becomes more common.[4] It, along with a similar condition in the first part of the intestines known as duodenitis, resulted in 50,000 deaths in 2015.[5] H. pylori was first discovered in 1981 by Barry Marshall and Robin Warren.[12]