Dopamine (medication)
Hormone used as a medication / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dopamine, sold under the brand name Intropin among others, is a medication most commonly used in the treatment of very low blood pressure, a slow heart rate that is causing symptoms, and, if epinephrine is not available, cardiac arrest.[3] In newborn babies it continues to be the preferred treatment for very low blood pressure.[4] In children epinephrine or norepinephrine is generally preferred while in adults norepinephrine is generally preferred for very low blood pressure.[5][6] It is given intravenously or intraosseously as a continuous infusion.[3] Effects typically begin within five minutes.[3] Doses are then increased to effect.[3]
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Trade names | Intropin, Dopastat, Revimine, others |
Other names | 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine; 3-hydroxytyramine; DA; Intropin; Revivan; Oxytyramine; Prolactin inhibiting factor; Prolactin inhibiting hormone |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
Routes of administration | Intravenous injection |
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Source tissues | Substantia nigra; ventral tegmental area; many others |
Target tissues | System-wide |
Receptors | D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, TAAR1[2] |
Agonists | Direct: apomorphine, bromocriptine Indirect: cocaine, substituted amphetamine, cathinone, bupropion |
Antagonists | Neuroleptics, metoclopramide, domperidone |
Metabolism | MAO, COMT,[2] ALDH, DBH, MAO-A, MAO-B, COMT |
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Metabolism | MAO, COMT,[2] ALDH, DBH, MAO-A, MAO-B, COMT |
Excretion | Kidney |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C8H11NO2 |
Molar mass | 153.181 g·mol−1 |
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Density | 1.26 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 128 °C (262 °F) |
Boiling point | decomposes |
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Common side effects include worsening kidney function, an irregular heartbeat, chest pain, vomiting, headache, or anxiety.[3] If it enters into the soft tissue around the vein local tissue death may occur.[3] The medication phentolamine can be given to try to decrease this risk.[3] It is unclear if dopamine is safe to use during pregnancy or breastfeeding.[3] At low doses dopamine mainly triggers dopamine receptors and β1-adrenergic receptors while at high doses it works via α-adrenergic receptors.[3]
Dopamine was first synthesized in a laboratory in 1910 by George Barger and James Ewens in England.[7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[8] In human physiology dopamine is a neurotransmitter as well as a hormone.[9]