Clonazepam
Benzodiazepine medication / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Clonazepam, sold under the brand names Klonopin and Rivotril, is a medication used to prevent and treat anxiety disorders, seizures, bipolar mania, agitation associated with psychosis, OCD and akathisia.[7] It is a long-acting[12] tranquilizer of the benzodiazepine class.[7] It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It is typically taken by mouth but is also used intravenously.[7][13] Effects begin within one hour and last between eight and twelve hours in adults.[10][1]
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Pronunciation | kləˈnazɪpam, kloe-NAZ-e-pam | ||
Trade names | Klonopin, Rivotril, Paxam,[1] others[2] | ||
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph | ||
MedlinePlus | a682279 | ||
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Dependence liability | Physical: Very High Psychological: Moderate | ||
Addiction liability | Moderate[4][5] | ||
Routes of administration | By mouth, intramuscular, intravenous, sublingual | ||
Drug class | Benzodiazepine | ||
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Bioavailability | 90% | ||
Protein binding | ≈85% | ||
Metabolism | Liver (CYP3A)[7] | ||
Metabolites | 7-aminoclonazepam 7-acetaminoclonazepam 3-hydroxy clonazepam[8][9] | ||
Onset of action | Within an hour[10] | ||
Elimination half-life | 19–60 hours[11] | ||
Duration of action | 8–12 hours[10][1] | ||
Excretion | Kidney | ||
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.015.088 | ||
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Formula | C15H10ClN3O3 | ||
Molar mass | 315.71 g·mol−1 | ||
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Common side effects may include sleepiness, poor coordination, and agitation.[7] Long-term use may result in tolerance, dependence, and life-threatening withdrawal symptoms if stopped abruptly.[7][14] Dependence occurs in one-third of people who take benzodiazepines for longer than four weeks.[11] The risk of suicide increases, particularly in people who are already depressed.[7][15] Use during pregnancy may result in harm to the fetus.[7] Clonazepam binds to GABAA receptors, thus increasing the effect of the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA).[11]
Clonazepam was patented in 1960 and went on sale in 1975 in the United States from Roche.[16][17] It is available as a generic medication.[7] In 2021, it was the 46th-most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 14 million prescriptions.[18][19] In many areas of the world, it is commonly used as a recreational drug.[20][21]