Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder
Painful disease restricting movement / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Adhesive capsulitis, also known as frozen shoulder, is a condition associated with shoulder pain and stiffness.[1] It is a common shoulder ailment that is marked by pain and a loss of range of motion, particularly in external rotation.[3] There is a loss of the ability to move the shoulder, both voluntarily and by others, in multiple directions.[1][2] The shoulder itself, however, does not generally hurt significantly when touched.[1] Muscle loss around the shoulder may also occur.[1] Onset is gradual over weeks to months.[2] Complications can include fracture of the humerus or biceps tendon rupture.[2]
Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder | |
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Other names | Frozen shoulder |
The right shoulder and glenohumeral joint. | |
Specialty | Orthopedics |
Symptoms | Shoulder pain, stiffness[1] |
Complications | Fracture of the humerus, biceps tendon rupture[2] |
Usual onset | 40 to 60 year old[1] |
Duration | May last years[1] |
Types | Primary, secondary[2] |
Causes | Often unknown, prior shoulder injury[1][2] |
Risk factors | Diabetes, hypothyroidism[1] |
Differential diagnosis | Pinched nerve, autoimmune disease, biceps tendinopathy, osteoarthritis, rotator cuff tear, cancer, bursitis[1] |
Treatment | NSAIDs, physical therapy, steroids, injecting the shoulder at high pressure, surgery[1] |
Frequency | 2 to 5%[1] |
The cause in most cases is unknown.[1] The condition can also occur after injury or surgery to the shoulder.[2] Risk factors include diabetes and thyroid disease.[1][4][5] The underlying mechanism involves inflammation and scarring.[2][6] The diagnosis is generally based on a person's symptoms and a physical exam.[1] The diagnosis may be supported by an MRI.[1] Adhesive capsulitis has been linked to diabetes and hypothyroidism, according to research. Adhesive capsulitis was five times more common in diabetic patients than in the control group, according to a meta-analysis published in 2016.[3]
The condition often resolves itself over time without intervention but this may take several years.[1] While a number of treatments, such as NSAIDs, physical therapy, steroids, and injecting the shoulder at high pressure, may be tried, it is unclear what is best.[1] Surgery may be suggested for those who do not get better after a few months.[1] The prevalence of adhesive capsulitis is estimated at 2% to 5% of the general population.[1] It is more common in people 40–60 years of age and in women.[1]