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- Jacobite (disambiguation)
詹姆斯主义[a]指支持斯圖亞特王朝男性分支復辟英国王位的一個政治運動。其英語「Jacobitism」源自「Jacobus」,即拉丁語中的「詹姆斯」一詞。1688年11月詹姆斯二世及七世在光榮革命中退位,流亡法國。英格蘭國會於翌年2月宣告詹姆斯抛棄英格蘭王位,並宣佈王位由他信奉新教的女兒瑪麗二世及女婿威廉三世繼承[1]。同年4月蘇格蘭三級會議亦在控訴書中宣告詹姆斯因其行爲放棄蘇格蘭王位。[2]
Jacobitism | |
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愛爾蘭語:Seacaibíteachas, Na Séamusaigh 蘇格蘭蓋爾語:Na Seumasaich | |
James Francis Edward Stuart, Jacobite claimant between 1701 and 1766 | |
領導人 |
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Military leaders |
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活躍期 | 1688–1780s |
活跃地区 | British Isles |
意識形態 |
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盟友 | |
對手 | |
戰役、戰爭 |
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When James II and VII went into exile after the 1688 Glorious Revolution, the Parliament of England argued that he abandoned the English throne and they offered it to his Protestant daughter Mary II and her husband William III.[1] In April, the Scottish Convention held he "forfeited" the throne of Scotland by his actions, listed in the Articles of Grievances.[2]
光榮革命確立了「君權民授」此原則,即君權只奠基自君主與臣民之間的社會契約,臣民有權在君主違反契約時推翻君主;而詹姆斯黨人則推崇君權神授說,臣民無權廢黜君主,因此認為1688年後之政權並非合法政權。作為一鬆散政治運動,部分詹姆斯黨人亦會加入其他與復辟無關,甚至與詹姆斯自身觀點相悖之政治訴求——愛爾蘭的詹姆斯黨人除了與詹姆斯一同支持給予天主教徒信仰自由外,亦要求給予愛爾蘭自治及退還十七世紀開始蘇格蘭對愛爾蘭之土地侵占——後兩點均被詹姆斯所反對。1745年查尔斯王子與蘇格蘭詹姆斯黨人就《1707年聯合法令》及君權神授說的衝突導致運動之衰落。
The Revolution created the principle of a contract between monarch and people; if that was violated, he or she could be removed. Jacobites argued monarchs were appointed by God, or divine right, and could not be removed, making the post-1688 regime illegitimate. While this was the most consistent difference, Jacobitism was a complex mix of ideas, many opposed by the Stuarts themselves; in Ireland, it meant tolerance for Catholicism, which James supported, but it also meant granting Irish autonomy and reversing the 17th-century land settlements, both of which he opposed. In 1745, clashes between Prince Charles and Scottish Jacobites over the 1707 Union and divine right were central to the internal conflicts that ended it as a viable movement.
撇除愛爾蘭境内,詹姆斯黨支持者主要集中在蘇格蘭高地、珀斯郡、阿伯丁郡,以及北英格蘭天主教徒較多的地區如西蘭開夏郡、諾森伯蘭郡及達勒姆郡。[3]其在威爾斯、西密德蘭以及西南英格蘭亦有追隨者,範圍大致與三國之戰時期保皇黨的勢力範圍相近。除了本土支持者外,詹姆斯黨也為部分歐陸勢力如法蘭西王國等作爲對英戰爭之一部分所支持,部分詹姆斯黨人亦服役於他國兵團之中。
Outside Ireland, Jacobitism was strongest in the western Scottish Highlands, Perthshire and Aberdeenshire, and areas of Northern England with a high proportion of Catholics such as western Lancashire, Northumberland and County Durham.[3] Sympathisers were also present in parts of Wales, the West Midlands and South West England, to some degree overlapping with areas that were strongly Royalist during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The movement had an international dimension; several European powers sponsored the Jacobites as an extension of larger conflicts, while many Jacobite exiles served in foreign armies.
除了在大同盟戰爭期間於愛爾蘭發動威廉黨人戰爭(英语:Williamite War in Ireland)(1689-1691年)以及於蘇格蘭發動叛亂(英语:Jacobite rising of 1689)(1689年)外,詹姆斯黨人亦於1715、1719及1745年發動過叛亂,在法國支持下於1708及1744年兩度試圖入侵英格蘭 。儘管1745年的叛亂一度威脅漢諾威王朝,迫使其從歐洲大陸召回軍隊支援,其於卡洛登戰役之失敗以及1748年法國撤回對詹姆斯黨的支持導致運動之衰落,不再對英國政治具有任何實際影響。
In addition to the 1689–1691 Williamite War in Ireland and the Jacobite rising of 1689 in Scotland, there were serious revolts in 1715, 1719 and 1745; abortive French-backed invasion attempts in 1708 and 1744; and several unsuccessful plots. While the 1745 rising briefly threatened the Hanoverian monarchy and forced the recall of British troops from Continental Europe, its collapse and withdrawal of French support in 1748 ended Jacobitism as a serious political movement.