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<ǃ--原內容--> 演化思想史是對於生物個體在不同世代之間具有差異的現象所做的一種解釋,最早起源可追溯至古希臘與古羅馬時代。此外古代中國雖然也有類似演化的宇宙觀,但是並沒有用來直接描述生命的變化。公元前6世紀,古希臘學者阿那克西曼德提出人類的祖先來自海中的理論。
科學式的演化論述則一直要到18世紀與19世紀才出現,例如蒙博杜(Lord Monboddo)與伊拉斯謨斯·達爾文(Erasmus Darwin,達爾文的祖父),提出所有生命源自共同祖先的想法。而第一個科學假說是由拉馬克在1809年所提出,他認為演化是來自後天獲得特徵的遺傳。拉馬克學說在提出後將近50年,才被達爾文與華萊士較接近現代觀念的理論所取代。其中達爾文做了較多細節上的討論,例如1859年出版的《物種源起》。達爾文強調生物的演化為事實,並以天擇機制作為解釋演化現象的理論。
達爾文在提出演化論時並不知道遺傳機制如何運作,而孟德爾在1865年發表的遺傳定律則一直受到忽略。直到20世紀,達爾文的天擇理論與孟德爾的遺傳學才結合為現今所熟知的現代綜合理論。隨後科學家發現基因為遺傳物質,並發現基因由DNA所構成。現在的演化研究以基因為中心,並發展出許多相關學門。
演化思想,物種隨時間演化的概念,最早起源可追溯至古希臘、古羅馬、古中國和中世紀伊斯蘭世界。 隨者17世紀末現代生物分类学的開始,兩個反對思想影響了西方文化生物思維:一是本質主義相信每個物種都有不可改變的本質特徵,這是一種中世紀亞里士多德 形上学發展而來的概念,與自然神学相適應。並開發了新的反亞里士多德式的現代科學 隨著啟蒙時代運動的發展,進化宇宙学和機械唯物論機械哲學從物理科學傳播到自然史。自然主義者開始關注物種的變異性,古生物學與滅絕概念的出現進一步削弱了自然界的靜態觀念。19世紀初,拉马克 (1744 – 1829) 提出了他的物種演變(英语:transmutation of species)拉馬克學說 第一個完全形成的進化論。
Evolutionary thought, the conception that species change over time, has roots in antiquity - in the ideas of the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Chinese as well as in medieval Islamic science. With the beginnings of modern biological taxonomy in the late 17th century, two opposed ideas influenced Western biological thinking: essentialism, the belief that every species has essential characteristics that are unalterable, a concept which had developed from medieval Aristotelian metaphysics, and that fit well with natural theology; and the development of the new anti-Aristotelian approach to modern science: as the Enlightenment progressed, evolutionary cosmology and the mechanical philosophy spread from the physical sciences to natural history. Naturalists began to focus on the variability of species; the emergence of paleontology with the concept of extinction further undermined static views of nature. In the early 19th century Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 – 1829) proposed his theory of the transmutation of species, the first fully formed theory of evolution.
1858年,查爾斯·達爾文和阿爾弗雷德·羅素·華萊士發表了一個新的進化論,在達爾文的物種起源(1859年)中有詳細解釋。與拉馬克不同,達爾文提出了共同起源和生命之樹(英语:Tree of life (biology)),這意味著兩個非常不同的物種有共同的祖先。達爾文基於自然選擇理論:它綜合了畜牧业、生物地理学、地质学、形態學和胚胎学等多種證據。
達爾文提出的理論因為缺乏遺傳機制如何運作的概念,因此備受爭論。但他提出了具體的理論天擇說,並沒有被廣泛接受,直到它在生物學發展到1920到1940年代才被注意到。並演變成現在的現代綜合理論。在此之前,大多數生物學家認為其他因素影響演化。在「達爾文理論的衰落(英语:the eclipse of Darwinism)」(1880年至1920年)期間提出的自然選擇的替代方案包括獲得性特徵的遺傳(新拉馬克主義(英语:Lamarckism#Ideological_neo-Lamarckism)),一種天生的演化能力(定向演化)和急劇的大型突變(突然変異説(英语:Mutationism))。
孟德爾遺傳學與羅納德·費雪、约翰·伯顿·桑德森·霍尔丹和休厄尔·赖特的天擇理論相結合,在1910年代到1930年代,並成立了群体遗传学的新學科。在20世紀30年代和40年代的群體遺傳學成為與其他生物領域的集成,其涵蓋了大量的生物學 - 现代演化综论。
In 1858 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published a new evolutionary theory, explained in detail in Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859). Unlike Lamarck, Darwin proposed common descent and a branching tree of life, meaning that two very different species could share a common ancestor. Darwin based his theory on the idea of natural selection: it synthesized a broad range of evidence from animal husbandry, biogeography, geology, morphology, and embryology. Debate over Darwin's work led to the rapid acceptance of the general concept of evolution, but the specific mechanism he proposed, natural selection, was not widely accepted until it was revived by developments in biology that occurred during the 1920s through the 1940s. Before that time most biologists regarded other factors as responsible for evolution. Alternatives to natural selection suggested during "the eclipse of Darwinism" (c. 1880 to 1920) included inheritance of acquired characteristics (neo-Lamarckism), an innate drive for change (orthogenesis), and sudden large mutations (saltationism). Mendelian genetics, a series of 19th-century experiments with pea plant variations rediscovered in 1900, was integrated with natural selection by Ronald Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright during the 1910s to 1930s, and resulted in the founding of the new discipline of population genetics. During the 1930s and 1940s population genetics became integrated with other biological fields, resulting in a widely applicable theory of evolution that encompassed much of biology—the modern synthesis.
隨著進化生物學的發展,自然種群中突變和遺傳多樣性的研究,因為演化的複雜數學和因果關係,結合生物地理學和系統學。 演化生命史(英语:evolutionary history of life)能藉由古生物學和比較解剖學的發展使其更完善。
分子遺傳學在1950年代興起之後進入分子演化的領域發展,基於蛋白質一級結構和免疫學的實驗,之後加入RNA 和DNA的研究。
在1960年代以基因為中心的基因選擇理論(英语:gene-centered view of evolution)看法出現,接者是中性演化理論,引發了對適應主義(英语:adaptationism)的爭議,選擇單位(英语:unit of selection)、遗传漂变和天擇理論才是演化的主要原因。[3] 在二十世紀後期,DNA測序使得分子系统发生学和生命之樹演變成卡尔·乌斯提出的三域系統。另外共生體學說和基因水平轉移的認知與其複雜性成為進化理論。 演化生物學的發現不僅大大影響在生物學的傳統分支,也對其他學科(例如演化人類學和演化心理學)以及整個社會產生了重大影響。[4]
Following the establishment of evolutionary biology, studies of mutation and genetic diversity in natural populations, combined with biogeography and systematics, led to sophisticated mathematical and causal models of evolution. Paleontology and comparative anatomy allowed more detailed reconstructions of the evolutionary history of life. After the rise of molecular genetics in the 1950s, the field of molecular evolution developed, based on protein sequences and immunological tests, and later incorporating RNA and DNA studies. The gene-centered view of evolution rose to prominence in the 1960s, followed by the neutral theory of molecular evolution, sparking debates over adaptationism, the unit of selection, and the relative importance of genetic drift versus natural selection as causes of evolution.[5] In the late 20th-century, DNA sequencing led to molecular phylogenetics and the reorganization of the tree of life into the three-domain system by Carl Woese. In addition, the newly recognized factors of symbiogenesis and horizontal gene transfer introduced yet more complexity into evolutionary theory. Discoveries in evolutionary biology have made a significant impact not just within the traditional branches of biology, but also in other academic disciplines (for example: anthropology and psychology) and on society at large.[4]
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