User:小梨花/沙盒2
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Russia (俄语:Россия,羅馬化:Rossiya,IPA:[rɐˈsʲijə] (ⓘ)), also officially known as the Russian Federation[10] (俄语:Российская Федерация,羅馬化:Rossiyskaya Federatsiya,IPA:[rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] (ⓘ)), is a country in northern 歐亞大陸.[11] It is a federal 半总统制 republic. At 17,075,400平方公里(6,592,800平方英里), Russia is the 世界各国和地区面积列表, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the world's ninth most populous nation with nearly 144 million people as of 2015.[12]
Russian Federation Российская Федерация Rossiyskaya Federatsiya (Russian) | |
---|---|
Russia proper (dark green) Crimean peninsula (disputed(英语:Political status of Crimea)) (light green)a | |
首都 暨最大城市 | 莫斯科 |
官方语言 | Russian |
认可的语言 | 35 other languages co-official(英语:Languages of Russia) in various regions[來源請求] |
族群(2010[1]) | |
政府 | Federal semi-presidential 共和制 |
弗拉基米尔·弗拉基米罗维奇·普京 | |
德米特里·阿纳托利耶维奇·梅德韦杰夫 | |
瓦莲京娜·马特维延科 | |
• Chairman of the State Duma(英语:Chairman of the State Duma) | Sergey Naryshkin(英语:Sergey Naryshkin) |
立法机构 | Federal Assembly |
• 上议院 | Federation Council |
• 下议院 | 国家杜马 |
Formation | |
862 | |
• 基辅罗斯 | 882 |
• 莫斯科公国 | 1283 |
• 俄罗斯沙皇国 | 16 January 1547 |
• 俄罗斯帝国 | 22 October 1721 |
6 November 1917 | |
• 苏联 | 10 December 1922 |
• Russian Federation | 25 December 1991 |
• Adoption of the current Constitution of Russia | 12 December 1993 |
面积 | |
• 总计 | 17,098,242 (Crimea not included)平方公里(1st) |
• 水域率 | 13[3] (including swamps)% |
人口 | |
• 2015年估计 | 143,975,923[4] (not including the 克里米亞共和國 and 塞瓦斯托波爾)(9th) |
• 密度 | 8.4/平方公里(217th) |
GDP(PPP) | 2015年估计 |
• 总计 | $3.458 trillion[5](6th) |
• 人均 | $24,067[6](53rd) |
GDP(国际汇率) | 2015年估计 |
• 总计 | $1.176 trillion[5](15th) |
• 人均 | $8,184[6](74th) |
基尼系数 | 0.42[7](2012年) 中 · 83rd |
人类发展指数 | ━ 0.778[8](2013年) 高高 · 57th |
货币 | 俄罗斯卢布(RUB) |
时区 | UTC+2 to +12 |
日期格式 | dd.mm.yyyy |
行驶方位 | right |
电话区号 | +7(英语:Telephone numbers in Russia) |
ISO 3166码 | RU |
互联网顶级域 | |
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Extending across the entirety of northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans nine time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments(英语:Environment of Russia) and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders(英语:borders of Russia) with 挪威, 芬兰, 爱沙尼亚, 拉脫維亞, 立陶宛 and 波兰 (both with 加里宁格勒州), 白俄罗斯, 乌克兰, Georgia, 阿塞拜疆, 哈萨克斯坦, 中华人民共和国, 蒙古国, and 朝鲜民主主义人民共和国. It shares maritime border(英语:maritime border)s with 日本 by the 鄂霍次克海 and the 美国州份 of 阿拉斯加州 across the 白令海峡.
The nation's history began with that of the 東斯拉夫民族, who emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD.[13] Founded and ruled by a 瓦良格人 warrior elite and their descendants, the 中世纪 state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the 拜占庭帝国,[14] beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined 俄罗斯文化 for the next millennium(英语:Millennium of Russia).[14] Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic 欽察汗國.[15] The 莫斯科公国 gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of 基辅罗斯. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration(英语:Russian explorers) to become the 俄罗斯帝国, which was the third 最大帝國列表 in history, stretching from Poland in Europe to Alaska in North America.[16][17]
Following the 1917年俄国革命, the 俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国 became the largest and leading constituent of the 苏联, the world's first constitutionally 社会主义国家 and a recognized superpower,[18] which played a decisive role in the Allied victory in 第二次世界大战.[19][20] The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements(英语:Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records) of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite, and the first man in space. Following the 苏联解体 in 1991, the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality (the sole successor state) of the Union state(英语:Government of the Soviet Union).[21]
The 俄羅斯經濟 ranks as the fifteenth largest by 国内生产总值 and sixth largest by 购买力平价 in 2015.[22] Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources, the largest reserves in the world,[23] have made it one of the largest producers of oil and natural gas globally.[24][25] The country is one of the five recognized 擁有核武器的國家列表 and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[26] Russia was the world's second biggest exporter of major arms in 2010-14, according to 斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所 data.[27] Russia is a 大国 and a permanent member of the 联合国安全理事会, a member of the 20國集團, the 欧洲委员会, the 亚洲太平洋经济合作组织, the 上海合作组织, the 歐亞經濟共同體, the 歐洲安全與合作組織 (OSCE), and the 世界贸易组织 (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the 獨立國家聯合體.