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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Philippine-American War (also Philippine Insurrection, Filipino-American War, Tagalog Insurgency) was a conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States. It lasted from February 4, 1899 until July 2, 1902.
Philippine-American War | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
1899–1902:
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1899–1902:
Empire of Japan[1] German Empire[2] | ||||||||
1902–1913:
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1902–1906: Tagalog Republic 1899–1905: Maguindanao Sultanate 1899–1913: Sulu Sultanate | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Units involved | |||||||||
1899–1902:
1902–1913:
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1899–1902:
1902–1913 Irreconcilables Babaylanes Pulajanes Moro people | ||||||||
Strength | |||||||||
≈80,000–100,000 regular and irregular[5] | |||||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||||
4,200 killed,[6] 2,818 wounded, several died due to sickness [7] |
About 10,000 killed[8] (Emilio Aguinaldo estimate), 16,000–20,000 killed[9] (American estimate) | ||||||||
Filipino civilians: Around 200,000 to 250,000 people died, mostly due to hunger and sickness;[10][11] see "Casualties". |
Problems started when the United States did not accept the declaration of independence by the Philippines, Instead of accepting the declaration, the United States took control of the Philippines. The conflict was started after Spain gave up all the countries it controlled because of the Treaty of Paris in 1898. This took place after the the United States won the Spanish-American War. This war was a part of the Philippines' fight for independence. The Philippines began their revolt against Spanish rule in 1896.
Fighting between the Philippines and the United States started on February 4, 1899 at the Battle of Manila. The First Philippine Republic declared war on June 2, 1899. The Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo was captured on March 23, 1901. The American government said the war was over and that they had won it on July 2, 1902. Some Philippine groups did not accept this and kept fighting for several more years. One of these groups included veterans of the Katipunan. Other groups, such as the Moro peoples and Pulahan religious movements, also continued to fight. The Moro Rebellion ended on June 15, 1913.
The war resulted in the deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians. Most of these deaths were caused by diseases and famine. Some estimates say that the number of dead people could be as high as one million. Both sides committed very bad acts during the fighting. The United States used attacks in retaliation for the Filipino guerrilla tactics. They also used a "scorched earth" strategy. Many civilians were put into concentration camps. Thousands of people died in these camps. .
The war and the U.S. occupation had a large impact on the culture of the Philippines. It led to the rise of Protestantism, the decline of the Catholic Church, and the introduction of English as the primary language.