利用者:Nopira/作業室
ウィキペディア フリーな encyclopedia
三日月と星(星と三日月)はイスラム教のシンボルであり、イスラム教地域の国旗や国章などに多く使われる。円弧状(あるいはアルファベットの大文字「C」の形)の三日月と、そのくぼんだ側に向かい合わせになるように配置された五芒星という図柄が典型的である。近代の図柄では、星は頂点が五つの五芒星であることが多いが、古代の図柄にはより多くの頂点をもつ星も描かれている。三日月単体でもイスラム教を指すこともある。
現在ではイスラム教のシンボルとして考えられることが多い三日月と星だが、小アジアではイスラム教進出以前の古代から使われてきた。テュルクでも古くから使われ、1500年前の突厥の遺跡からは、三つの三日月と、人物像の脇に輝く星をあしらったコインが発見されている。
また伝説では、オスマン帝国の創始者オスマン1世は夢で三日月を見、これを吉兆と考えて三日月を自らの王朝の象徴にしたという話もある。五芒星については、五つの頂点がイスラム教の五行と推測する説もあるが、五芒星はオスマン帝国の国旗においては19世紀まで使われておらず、イスラム諸国の中には五つより多くの頂点のある星を使っている国もある。
ユニコードでは、「三日月と星」のシンボルは U+262A で表示される(☪)。
The star and crescent develops in the iconography of the Hellenistic period in Pontus, the Bosporan Kingdom, and notably Byzantium by the 2nd century BC. It is the conjoined representation of the crescent and a star, both of which constituent elements have a long prior history in the iconography of the Ancient Near East as representing either Sun and Moon, or Moon and Morning Star (or their divine personifications). Coins with crescent and star symbols represented separately have a longer history, with possible ties to older Mesopotamian iconography.
The star or Sun is often shown within the arc of the crescent (also called star in crescent or star within crescent for disambiguation of depictions of a star and a crescent side by side);[1]
In numismatics in particular, the term crescent and pellet is used in cases where the star is simplified to a single dot.[2]
In Byzantium, the symbol became associated its patron goddess Artemis-Hecate, and it is used as a representation of Moon goddesses (Selene-Luna or Artemis-Diana) in the Roman era. Ancient depictions of the symbol always show the crescent with horns pointing upward, and with the star (often with eight rays) placed inside the crescent. This arrangement is also found on Sassanid coins beginning in the 5th or 6th century.
The combination is found comparatively rarely in late medieval and early modern heraldry. It rose to prominence with its adoption as the flag and emblem of the Ottoman Empire and of some of its administrative divisions (eyalets and vilayets), and later in the 19th-century Westernizing tanzimat (reforms). The Ottoman flag of 1844 with a white ay-yıldız (Turkish for "crescent-star") on a red background continues to be in use as the flag of the Republic of Turkey with minor modifications. Other states formerly part of the Ottoman Empire also used the symbol, including Libya (1951–1969 and after 2011), Tunisia (1956) and Algeria (1958). The same symbol was used in other national flags introduced during the 20th century, including the flags of Azerbaijan (1918), Pakistan (1947), Malaysia (1948), Singapore (1959) and Mauritania (1959).
In the later 20th century, the star and crescent have acquired a popular interpretation as a "symbol of Islam",[3] occasionally embraced by Arab nationalism or Islamism in the 1970s to 1980s, but often rejected as erroneous or unfounded by Muslim commentators in more recent times.[4]
Unicode introduced a "star and crescent" character in its Miscellaneous Symbols block, at U+262A (☪).