利用者:Bletilla/第二作業室
ウィキペディア フリーな encyclopedia
初期のムスリムの征服(en:Early Muslim conquests(2022年6月15日、ShabberMojtaba他)より翻訳)
The early Muslim conquests (アラビア語: الفتوحات الإسلامية), also referred to as the Arab conquests[4] and the early Islamic conquests[5] began when the Islamic prophet en:Muhammad, in the 7th century, established a new unified en:polity that embraced en:Islam in the en:Arabian Peninsula which, under the subsequent Rashidun and Umayyad en:Caliphates, saw a century of rapid ideological and territorial expansion.
The resulting empire stretched from parts of en:Central Asia and en:South Asia, across the en:Middle East, en:North Africa, the en:Caucasus, and parts of Southwest en:Europe (en:Sicily and the en:Iberian Peninsula to the en:Pyrenees).
The Muslim conquests brought about the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and a great territorial loss for the en:Byzantine Empire. The reasons for the Muslim success are hard to reconstruct in hindsight, primarily because only fragmentary sources from the period have survived. en:Fred McGraw Donner suggests that formation of a state in the Arabian peninsula and ideological (i.e., religious) coherence and mobilization was a primary reason why the Muslim armies in the space of a hundred years were able to establish one of the largest pre-modern empires until that time. Estimates of the total area of the combined territory held by the Islamic Caliphate at its peak have been as high as thirteen million square kilometers, or five million square miles.[6] Most historians agree as well that the Sassanid Persian and Byzantine Roman empires were militarily and economically exhausted from decades of fighting one another.[7]
It has been suggested that some en:Jews and en:Christians in the en:Sassanid Empire and Jews and Monophysites in Syria were dissatisfied and welcomed the Muslim forces, largely because of religious conflict in both empires.[8] At other times, such as in the en:Battle of Firaz, en:Arab Christians allied themselves with the Persians and Byzantines against the invaders.[9][10] In the case of en:Byzantine Egypt, Palestine and en:Syria, these lands had been reclaimed from the Persians only a few years before.