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Template:Pedro II of Brazil
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ペドロ2世 Pedro II | |
---|---|
ブラジル皇帝 | |
ペドロ2世(1890年) | |
在位 | 1831年4月7日 - 1889年11月15日 |
戴冠式 | 1841年7月18日 |
全名 | ペドロ・デ・アルカンタラ・ジョアン・カルルシュ・レオポルド・サルバドール・ビビアーノ・フランシスコ・シャビエル・デ・パウラ・レオカディオ・ミゲル・ガブリエル・ラファエル・ゴンザガ・デ・ブラガンサ・エ・アブスブルゴ |
出生 |
1825年12月2日 ブラジル、リオデジャネイロ市 |
死去 |
(1891-12-05) 1891年12月5日(66歳没) フランス、パリ |
埋葬 |
1939年 ブラジル、ペトロポリス、ペトロポリス大聖堂 |
推定 相続人 | イザベル |
配偶者 | テレサ・クリスティナ・デ・ボルボン=ドゥアス・シシリアス |
子女 |
アフォンソ イザベル レオポルディナ ペドロ |
王朝 | ブラガンサ王朝 |
王室歌 | 独立賛歌 |
父親 | ペドロ1世 |
母親 | マリア・レオポルディナ・デ・アウストリア |
テンプレートを表示 |
Dom Pedro II (English: Peter II; 2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891), nicknamed "the Magnanimous",[1] was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years.[upper-alpha 1] Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza. His father's abrupt abdication and flight to Europe in 1831 left a five-year-old Pedro II as Emperor and led to a grim and lonely childhood and adolescence. Obliged to spend his time studying in preparation for rule, he knew only brief moments of happiness and encountered few friends of his age. His experiences with court intrigues and political disputes during this period greatly affected his later character. Pedro II grew into a man with a strong sense of duty and devotion toward his country and his people. On the other hand, he increasingly resented his role as monarch.
Inheriting an Empire on the verge of disintegration, Pedro II turned Portuguese-speaking Brazil into an emerging power in the international arena. The nation grew to be distinguished from its Hispanic neighbors on account of its political stability, zealously guarded freedom of speech, respect for civil rights, vibrant economic growth and especially for its form of government: a functional, representative parliamentary monarchy. Brazil was also victorious in three international conflicts (the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and the Paraguayan War) under his rule, as well as prevailing in several other international disputes and domestic tensions. Pedro II steadfastly pushed through the abolition of slavery despite opposition from powerful political and economic interests. A savant in his own right, the Emperor established a reputation as a vigorous sponsor of learning, culture and the sciences. He won the respect and admiration of scholars such as Charles Darwin, Victor Hugo and Friedrich Nietzsche, and was a friend to Richard Wagner, Louis Pasteur and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, among others.
Although there was no desire for a change in the form of government among most Brazilians, the Emperor was overthrown in a sudden coup d'état that had almost no support outside a clique of military leaders who desired a form of republic headed by a dictator. Pedro II had become weary of emperorship and despaired over the monarchy's future prospects, despite its overwhelming popular support. He allowed no prevention of his ouster and did not support any attempt to restore the monarchy. He spent the last two years of his life in exile in Europe, living alone on very little money.
The reign of Pedro II thus came to an unusual end—he was overthrown while highly regarded by the people and at the pinnacle of his popularity, and some of his accomplishments were soon brought to naught as Brazil slipped into a long period of weak governments, dictatorships, and constitutional and economic crises. The men who had exiled him soon began to see in him a model for the Brazilian republic. A few decades after his death, his reputation was restored and his remains were returned to Brazil with celebrations nationwide. Historians have regarded the Emperor in an extremely positive light and several have ranked him as the greatest Brazilian.