Usuario:Dunyaolkeleri/Roman
De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia encyclopedia
Roma imperatorlarının siyahısı - e.ə. 27-ci ildə Senat tərəfindən Avqust adı və titulunun Oktaviana verilməsindən sonra Roma imperiyasını idarə edən hökmdarlar.[1][2] Oktavian monarxik titulları rədd edərək, özünü princeps senatus (Senatın ilk adamı) və princeps civitatis (dövlətin ilk vətəndaşı) adlandırıb Respublikaçı idarəçiliyin fasadını qorudu. Avqust titulu onun xələflərinə verildi və imperatorlar getdikcə daha monarxik və avtoritar oldular.[3]
Oktavian tərəfindən qurulan idarəetmə tərzi Principate adlanır və III əsrin sonu və ya IV əsrin əvvəllərinə qədər davam etmişdir.[4] Müasir "imperator" sözü ordu tərəfindən müvəffəqiyyətli generala verilən imperator titulundan gəlir; imperiyanın ilkin mərhələsində tituldan yalnız princeps istifadə edirdi.[5] Məsələn, Oktavianın rəsmi adı imperator Sezar Divi Filius Avqust idi.[6] İmperatorun tabeliyində olan ərazi Roma Respublikası dövründə Avropanın çox hissəsi, Şimali Afrika və Yaxın Şərqin bir hissəsini işğal edildiyinə görə inkişaf etmişdi. Under the republic, the Senate and People of Rome aduthorized provincial governors, who answered only to them, to rule regions of the empire.[7] The chief magistrates of the republic were two consuls elected each year; consuls continued to be elected in the imperial period, but their authority was subservient to that of the emperor, who also controlled and determined their election.[8] Often, the emperors themselves, or close family, were selected as consul.[9]
After the Crisis of the Third Century, Diocletian increased the authority of the emperor and adopted the title "dominus noster" (our lord). The rise of powerful barbarian tribes along the borders of the empire, the challenge they posed to the defense of far-flung borders as well as an unstable imperial succession led Diocletian to divide the administration of the Empire geographically with a co-augustus in 286. In 330, Constantine the Great, the emperor who accepted Christianity, established a second capital in Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople. Historians consider the Dominate period of the empire to have begun with either Diocletian or Constantine, depending on the author.[10] For most of the period from 286 to 480, there was more than one recognized senior emperor, with the division usually based on geographic regions. This division was consistently in place after the death of Theodosius I in 395, which historians have dated as the division between the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. However, formally the Empire remained a single polity, with separate co-emperors in the separate courts.[11]
The fall of the Western Roman Empire is dated either from the de facto date of 476, when Romulus Augustulus was deposed by the Germanic Herulians led by Odoacer, or the de jure date of 480, on the death of Julius Nepos, when Eastern emperor Zeno ended recognition of a separate Western court.[12][13] Historians typically refer to the empire in the centuries that followed as the "Byzantine Empire", orientated toward Hellenic culture and governed by the Byzantine emperors.[15] Given that "Byzantine" is a later historiographical designation and the inhabitants and emperors of the empire continually maintained Roman identity, this designation is not used universally and continues to be a subject of specialist debate.[18] Under Justinian I, in the sixth century, a large portion of the western empire was retaken, including Italy, Africa, and part of Spain.[19] Over the course of the centuries thereafter, most of the imperial territories were lost, which eventually restricted the empire to Anatolia and the Balkans.[26] The line of emperors continued until the death of Constantine XI Palaiologos at the fall of Constantinople in 1453, when the remaining territories were conquered by the Ottoman Turks led by Sultan Mehmed II.[25][31] In the aftermath of the conquest, Mehmed II proclaimed himself kayser-i Rûm ("Caesar of Rome"),[33] thus claiming to be the new emperor,[34] a claim maintained by succeeding sultans.[35] Competing claims of succession to the Roman Empire have also been forwarded by various other states and empires, and by numerous later pretenders.[36]