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Language by distance (German Abstandsprache), language by development (tyska Ausbausprache) och roof language (tyska Dachsprache) are three sociolinguistic concepts. They were created by Heinz Kloss to contribute to solving the problem of determining whether a language variety is a language or a dialect.
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An abstandsprache is a spoken language (or a group of dialects) that is seen to be a language because it is impossible to make oneself understood to outsiders using that language variety.
An ausbausprache is seen to be a language because is it has become a standardised writen and spoken language, and is used in all private and public sphere, often in a whole country. An ausbausprache is not necessarily difficult to understand to spekaers of other languages.
A dachsprache is a standard language. It is used in some public spheres by groups of people who privately speak dialekts that are related to each other and to the dachsprache. The dialekt have loser status and no or limited use i writing.
The point of the terminology is:
- that a language variety may be labelled as a language in the sense ausbausprache even if it is not a abstandsprache, and vice versa that that a distinct dialect may be labelled as a language (an abstand-language) even if it is not ausgebaut – developed into an aubaulanguage, and that
- that related language varieties, that are hardly mutually intelligible, can be considered to be the same language if they have a common dachsprache.