User:Tayeb188/Kingdom of Algiers (1710-1830)
1659–1830 Algerian state in North Africa / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Kingdom of Algeria[2] (Arabic: مملكة الجزائر) is a monarchy in North Africa with access to the Mediterranean Sea. The inhabitants as well as European diplomats have called this kingdom kingdom of Algeria since the end of the XVIIe century. This monarchy was born after a revolution and coup d'état initiated by the Ojak of Algiers, who put an end to Ottoman tutelage for good. the deys that took power from the ojak initiated political and economic reforms within the kingdom, reviving pirate attacks in the Mediterranean Sea and eliminating thousands of Turkish janissaries for their conspirations and meddling in politics, thus weakening their role in the kingdom.[3]
Kingdom of Algiers | |||||||||||||||
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1659–1830 | |||||||||||||||
Motto: "الجزائر المحمية بالله" (Arabic) "Algiers the city protected by God" (English) | |||||||||||||||
Status | Sovereign state | ||||||||||||||
Capital | Algiers | ||||||||||||||
Official languages | Arabic | ||||||||||||||
Common languages | Algerian Arabic, Berber | ||||||||||||||
Religion | Official, and majority: Sunni Islam Minorities: Judaism Christianity | ||||||||||||||
Demonym(s) | Algerian | ||||||||||||||
Government | Oligarchic Elective monarchy | ||||||||||||||
Dey Pasha | |||||||||||||||
• 1671-1682 | Mohammed Trik (first) | ||||||||||||||
• 1766-1791 | Baba Mohammed ben-Osman (longest) | ||||||||||||||
• 1818–1830 | Hüseyin bin Hüseyin (last) | ||||||||||||||
Prime Minister | |||||||||||||||
• 1677–1682 | Baba Hassan | ||||||||||||||
• 1809–1815 | Mohamed Kharnadji | ||||||||||||||
Legislature | Diwan of Algiers | ||||||||||||||
Historical era | Early modern period – Late modern period | ||||||||||||||
• Revolution of the Janissaries | 14 August 1659 | ||||||||||||||
15 June 1732 | |||||||||||||||
10 July 1756 | |||||||||||||||
14 September 1769 | |||||||||||||||
8 July 1775 | |||||||||||||||
12 February 1792 | |||||||||||||||
27 August 1816 | |||||||||||||||
14 June 1830 | |||||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||||
• Total | 460.000 km2 (177.607 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||||
• 1830 | 5,000,000 —10,000,000[1] | ||||||||||||||
Currency | Algerian budju | ||||||||||||||
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Today part of | Algeria | ||||||||||||||
From the second half of the XVIIe century, the Algerian people began to question the Ottoman presence and administration in their territory. This challenge resulted in numerous revolts and reforms aimed at eradicating the porte direct control of the country. These reforms led to the arrival in power of the agha(s) between 1659 and 1671, then finally of the deys, chosen by the diwan of Algiers and governing with a Pasha sent by the Ottoman Empire. Despite the inferior power of the Pasha compared to that of the deys, the latter took a dim view of the sending of the Pasha by the Caliph and undertook a reform of quasi-independence from the Ottoman Empire, which lasted several decades before finally being completed. The state of Algiers during this period became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire before becoming completely independent.[4][5]
The Algerian population is very diverse, mainly composed of Moors (Arabs and Berbers), with a minority of Turks, Kouloughlis and renegades. However, the Moors prefer to live a peasant life away from politics. More than 90% of the population is peasant and lives from agriculture. Thus, power was concentrated in the city of Algiers, inhabited by Moors as well as various nationalities.[6]
In the XVIIIe century, the economy of the kingdom underwent a major transformation. In the previous century, the economy was essentially based on the sale of European slaves and the taking of ransoms, which brought in a lot of money for the state. However, technological advances in European weaponry gradually reduced this practice, although it did not cease completely. As a result, the deys saw the state's income dwindle and turned to taxes and levies on peasants and European countries to gain access to the Mediterranean Sea.
At the beginning of the XIXe century, the kingdom went through difficult times due to several famines as well as natural disasters that killed many inhabitants. In addition, numerous expeditions sent by European countries to stop piracy greatly weakened the country, as did numerous revolts of janissaries against the deys.
In the 1820s, the Kingdom of Algeria began to claim the compensation that France had promised to pay following the French Revolution, which had taken place three decades earlier. However, despite these legitimate demands, France refused to pay the sums due. Worse still, it took a military and expeditious decision by sending an expedition to Algeria in 1830, leading to the destruction of the Kingdom of Algeria and the beginning of French rule over Algerian territory.