User:Sangpolar/sandbox
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The Neanderthals or Neandertals UK: /niˈændərˌtɑːlz/, us also /neɪ/-, -/ˈɑːndər/-, -/ˌtɔːlz/, -/ˌθɔːlz/)[4][5] (from Neandertaler) are an extinct subspecies of human in the genus Homo. They are closely related to modern humans,[6][7] differing in DNA by just 0.12%.[8] Remains left by Neanderthals include bone and stone tools, which are found in Eurasia, from Western Europe to Central and Northern Asia as well as in North Africa. Neanderthals are generally classified by biologists as a subspecies of Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis), but a minority considers them to be a species (Homo neanderthalensis).[9][10]
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Neanderthal | |
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Neanderthal skull at La Chapelle-aux-Saints. | |
Mounted Neanderthal skeleton at American Museum of Natural History. | |
Scientific classification | |
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Species: | H. sapiens |
Subspecies: | H. s. neanderthalensis |
Trinomial name | |
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis | |
Range of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. Eastern and northern ranges may extend to include Okladnikov in Altai and Mamotnaia in Ural | |
Synonyms | |
Homo mousteriensis[2] |
Several cultural assemblages have been linked to the Neanderthals in Europe. The earliest, the Mousterian stone tool culture, dates to about 300,000 years ago.[11] Late Mousterian artifacts were found in Gorham's Cave on the south-facing coast of Gibraltar.[12][13]
With an average cranial capacity of 1600 cm3,[14] the cranial capacity of Neanderthals is notably larger than the 1400 cm3 average for modern humans, indicating that their brain size was larger. This difference in brain size can be attributed to the cold climate adaptations discussed in Allen's Rule. Also, owing to larger body size, Neanderthals are less encephalized.[15] Males stood 164–168 cm (65–66 in) and females 152–156 cm (60–61 in) tall.[16]
Genetic evidence published in 2010 and 2014 suggests that Neanderthals contributed to the DNA of anatomically modern humans, including most non-Africans as well as a few African populations, through interbreeding, likely between 50,000 to 60,000 years ago.[17][18][19]
In December 2013, researchers reported evidence that Neanderthals practiced burial behavior and intentionally buried their dead.[20] In addition, scientists reported having sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal for the first time. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 50,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave.[21][22][23]