User:Mr. Ibrahem/Type 1 diabetes
Medical condition / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Type 1 diabetes (T1D), previously known as juvenile diabetes, is a form of diabetes in which very little or no insulin is produced by the pancreas.[4] Insulin is a hormone required for the body to use blood sugar.[2] Before treatment this results in high blood sugar levels in the body.[1] The classic symptoms are frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, and weight loss.[4] Additional symptoms may include blurry vision, tiredness, and poor wound healing.[2] Symptoms typically develop over a short period of time.[1]
Type 1 diabetes | |
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Other names | Diabetes mellitus type 1, insulin-dependent diabetes,[1] juvenile diabetes[2] |
A blue circle, the symbol for diabetes.[3] | |
Pronunciation | |
Specialty | Endocrinology |
Symptoms | Frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, weight loss[4] |
Complications | Diabetic ketoacidosis, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, poor healing, cardiovascular disease, damage to the eyes[2][4][5] |
Usual onset | Relatively short period of time[1] |
Duration | Long term[4] |
Causes | Body does not produce enough insulin[4] |
Risk factors | Family history, celiac disease[5][6] |
Diagnostic method | Blood sugar, A1C[5][7] |
Prevention | Unknown[4] |
Treatment | Insulin, diabetic diet, exercise[1][2] |
Frequency | ~7.5% of diabetes cases[8] |
The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown,[4] but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.[1] Risk factors include having a family member with the condition.[5] The underlying mechanism involves an autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas.[2] Diabetes is diagnosed by testing the level of sugar or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in the blood.[5][7] Type 1 diabetes can be distinguished from type 2 by testing for the presence of autoantibodies.[5]
There is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes.[4] Treatment with insulin is required for survival.[1] Insulin therapy is usually given by injection just under the skin but can also be delivered by an insulin pump.[9] A diabetic diet and exercise are important parts of management.[2] If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications.[4] Complications of relatively rapid onset include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma.[5] Long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, foot ulcers and damage to the eyes.[4] Furthermore, complications may arise from low blood sugar caused by excessive dosing of insulin.[5]
Type 1 diabetes makes up an estimated 5–10% of all diabetes cases.[8] The number of people affected globally is unknown, although it is estimated that about 80,000 children develop the disease each year.[5] Within the United States the number of people affected is estimated at one to three million.[5][10] Rates of disease vary widely with approximately 1 new case per 100,000 per year in East Asia and Latin America and around 30 new cases per 100,000 per year in Scandinavia and Kuwait.[11][12] It typically begins in children and young adults.[1]