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After a disagreement, Pope Boniface VIII issued the bull Unam Sanctam asserting again that, since "one sword must be under the other," the church must be supreme.[2] This was followed in 1303 by the excommunication of Philip the Fair of France. Philip responded by sending his men to arrest the Pope.[3]
Popes from 1159 to 1303 were predominantly lawyers not theologians.[4]
- Southern, Sir Richard (2016). The Penguin History of the Church: Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (reprint ed.). Penguin. ISBN 9780141968735.
- Hastings, Ed (2000). "Law". In Hastings, Adrian; Mason, Alistair; Pyper, Hugh S. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198600244.
This is all late middle ages stuff
- this is copied from an older version of History of Christianity but all this content has since then been deleted. I don't know how to designate that - please don't violate me for this! I may not use any of it.
Quoting: between 1100 and 1520 The church's entanglement with the secular and lay exploitation were both deeply rooted and difficult to overcome.[5]
Kings and noblemen frequently drafted competent bishops to improve their own governments leaving those diocese without spiritual leadership.[6]
Civilization itself was changing its character. The Old Order was being challenged.
The influence of educated and wealthy lay people increased as the influence of clergy waned.[7]
Practices meant to Christianize people had become "burdensome" and contributed to discontent.[8]
By the 1300s, nations were becoming more formidable opponents than they had been in the 1100s when the struggle over papal superiority first took political form.[9][10]
Evidence of decline in papal power can be found by 1302.[2][note 1]
Franciscans provided evidence against Pope John XXII (1316-1334) as the failings of a succession of popes contributed to criticism.[11][12]
The combination of catastrophic events, both within the church and in those events beyond its control, undermined the moral authority and constitutional legitimacy of the church opening it to local fights of authority and control.[13][14][15]
- end quote
In High Middle Ages????
- Van Engen, John (2018). "The Church in the Fifteenth Century". In Oberman, Heiko; Brady, Thomas A.; Tracy, James D. (eds.). Handbook of European History 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation. Vol. I: Structures and Assertions. Brill. pp. 305–330. ISBN 9789004391659.
- Deane, Jennifer Kolpacoff (2022). A History of Medieval Heresy and Inquisition. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538152959.
High Middle Ages (1000–1300)
In the High Middle Ages, the church became a more imposing institution. It asserted itself to establish the limits of state over the church and developed a more formal theology.[18] The Third Lateran Council in 1179 determined that only a Cardinal could become Pope.[19][20] Purgatory became an official doctrine and confession a required practice in 1215.[21][22]
E. Ann Matter writes that, during this period, "The western church becomes more of a “church of the town,” as the parish church emerges as one of the fundamental institutions of medieval and Old Europe.[23][20] Both clergy and the laity become "more literate, more worldly, and more self-assertive" and "do not always agree with the decisions made by the hierarchy".[20]
The High Middle Ages is no longer seen as a unified pious "golden age" of Christendom. Instead, scholars see Latin Christendom as composed of a variety of Christian ideals and societies that overlapped and competed with each other, as well as inherited folklore, and the new secular intellectualism of the university elites, across a wide spectrum of belief.[24]
- Key disputes between 1100 and 1500, shaped by new ideas and procedures, made the church into a more formidable institution???
Church critics of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries had challenged papal authority. Kings and councils asserted their own power, while vernacular gospels created challenges for church hierarchy amongst the laity. The new mendicant friars, university elite and bureaucratic clerics were central to developing early modern concepts of power, authority and orthodoxy.[25]
Beginning with the Portuguese, peaceful trade and not conquest reintroduced the slave trade to Europe.[26]
- Munro, John H. (2018). "Patterns of Trade, Money and Credit". In Oberman, Heiko; Brady, Thomas A.; Tracy, James D. (eds.). Handbook of European History 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation. Vol. I: Structures and Assertions. Brill. pp. 147–196. ISBN 9789004391659.
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