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Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) occur when the heart abruptly begins to beat in an abnormal or irregular rhythm (arrhythmia). Without
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organized electrical activity in the heart muscle, there is no consistent contraction of the ventricles, which results in the hearts inability to generate an adequate cardiac output (forward pumping of blood from heart to rest of the body).[1] There are many different types of arrhythmias, but the ones most frequently recorded in SCA and SCD are ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF).[citation needed]
Sudden cardiac arrest can result from cardiac and non-cardiac causes including the following:
WORKING ADDITIONS
In 2006 the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association/ Hearth Rhythm Society presented the following definitions of sudden cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death: "Cardiac arrest is the sudden cessation of cardiac activity so that the victim becomes unresponsive, with no normal breathing and no signs of circulation. If corrective measures are not taken rapidly, this condition progresses to sudden death. Cardiac arrest should be used to signify an event as described above, that is reversed, usually by CPR and/or defibrillation or cardioversion, or cardiac pacing. Sudden cardiac death should not be used to describe events that are not fatal".[2]
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) occur when the heart abruptly begins to beat in an abnormal or irregular rhythm (arrhythmia). Without organized electrical activity in the heart muscle, there is no consistent contraction of the ventricles, which in turn results in the hearts inability to generate an adequate cardiac output (forward pumping of blood from heart to rest of the body).[3] There are many different types of arrhythmias, but the ones most frequently recorded in SCA and SCD are ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). The arrhythmias that lead to sudden cardiac arrest or death can be a result of cardiac and non-cardiac causes.
- Coronary heart disease (CHD) is responsible for 62 to 70 percent of all SCDs.[4][5] CHD is a much less frequent cause of SCD in people under the age of 40. A 1999 review of SCDs in the United States found that CHD accounted for 24% of SCDs for those under 30 years, and 8% of SCDs in military recruits.[4][6]
- Other types of structural heart disease not related to CHD (i.e. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congenital coronary artery anomalies, myocarditis) account for 10 percent of all SCDs. A 1999 review of SCDs in the United States found that this accounted for over 30% of SCDs for those under 30 years, and over 40% of SCDs in military recruits.[4][5][6]
- Arrhythmias not due to structural heart disease (i.e. Long QT syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome) account for 5 to 10% of SCDs.[7][8][9]
- SCA due to non-cardiac causes accounts for the remaining 15 to 25%.[9][10] Non-cardiac causes include pulmonary embolism, intracranial hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding, drug induced, drowning, and central airway obstruction.[3][11]