Draft:Opioid analgesics
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Opioid analgesics refer to opioid receptor agonists which produce a pain-killing effect. The earliest record of it could be found in 3500 B.C. when Sumerians used opium to relieve pain. Opioids can be classified to different classes by their chemical structures or agonistic effect. They produce the analgesic effect by activating various types of opioid receptors in both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons to inhibit the transmission of pain signals.
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In terms of pharmacokinetics, opioids could have significant drug-drug interactions due to their CYP3A and CYP2D6 metabolism. Some drugs could bind to the CYP enzyme and alter the metabolism of opioids. In terms of pharmacodynamics, opioids could interact with CNS depressants to provide a synergetic effect, which induces excessive depression and may lead to death.
Opioids are commonly used for moderate to severe pain relief in post-surgery patients or cancer patients. It could induce side effects in the central nervous system such as sedation, drowsiness and depression. Opioids could also lead to addiction, which makes opioid abuse become a significant health problem in society. To prevent opioid overdose, it is suggested to reduce the dose and duration prescribed to minimise its effect on the body.