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俗ラテン語 or Sermo Vulgaris ("common speech") was a nonstandard form of Latin (as opposed to Classical Latin, the standard and literary version of the language) spoken in the Mediterranean region during and after the classical period of the Roman Empire. It is from 俗ラテン語 that the Romance languages developed; the best known are the national languages French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, and Spanish. Works written in Latin during classical times and the earlier Middle Ages used Classical Latin rather than 俗ラテン語, with very few exceptions (most notably sections of Gaius Petronius' Satyricon). Because of its nonstandard nature, 俗ラテン語 had no official orthography. 俗ラテン語 is sometimes also called colloquial Latin,[1] or Common Romance (particularly in the late stage). In Renaissance Latin, 俗ラテン語 was called vulgare Latinum or Latinum vulgare.[citation needed]
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俗ラテン語 | |
---|---|
Proto-Romance | |
sermō vulgāris | |
Native to | Roman Republic, Roman Empire |
Era | Antiquity; developed into Romance languages 6th to 9th centuries |
Latin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
lat-vul | |
Glottolog | None |
The Roman Empire in 117 AD | |
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By its nature 俗ラテン語 varied greatly by region and by time period, though several major divisions can be seen. 俗ラテン語 dialects began to significantly diverge from Classical Latin in the third century during the classical period of the Roman Empire. Nevertheless, throughout the sixth century the most widely spoken dialects were still similar to and mostly mutually intelligible with Classical Latin.
The verb system [...] seems to have remained virtually intact throughout the fifth century [...] the transformation of the language, from structures we call Latin into structures we call Romance, lasted from the third or fourth century until the eighth; we could say Latin "died" [ceased to be anybody's natural mother tongue and had to be learned] in the first part of the eighth century; in Italy the first signs that people were aware of the difference between the everyday language they spoke and the written form is in the mid-tenth century. The period of most rapid change occurred from the second half of the seventh century. Until then the spoken and written form (though with many vulgar features) were regarded as one language.[2]
The language called Proto-Romance developed during the governance of Germanic rulers.[3] Similarly, in the Eastern Roman Empire Latin faded as the Court language in the course of the 5th century. The 俗ラテン語 spoken in the Balkans north of Greece and southern Bulgaria became heavily influenced by Greek and Slavic and also became radically different from Classical Latin and from the proto-Romance of Western Europe.[4][5] 俗ラテン語 diverged into distinct languages beginning in the 9th century.