Nicaraguan Revolution
1979–1990 anti-Somoza revolution and Sandinista rule / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Nicaraguan Revolution (Spanish: Revolución Nicaragüense or Revolución Popular Sandinista) encompassed the rising opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s, the campaign led by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) to oust the dictatorship in 1978–79, the subsequent efforts of the FSLN to govern Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990,[28] and the Contra War, which was waged between the FSLN-led government of Nicaragua and the United States–backed Contras from 1981 to 1990. The revolution marked a significant period in the history of Nicaragua and revealed the country as one of the major proxy war battlegrounds of the Cold War, attracting much international attention.
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Nicaraguan Revolution | |||||||
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Part of the Central American crisis and the Cold War | |||||||
Clockwise from top left: FSLN guerrillas entering León, bodies of people executed by the Nicaraguan National Guard, a government spy captured by guerrilla forces, destruction of towns and villages taken by guerrilla forces, bombings by the National Guard air force, an FSLN soldier aiming an RPG-2 | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Somoza regime Contras
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MAP-ML (1978–1979)
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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Casualties and losses | |||||||
1978–79: 10,000 total killed[27] 1981–89: 10,000–43,000 total killed; best estimate using most detailed battle information is 30,000 killed.[27] |
The initial overthrow of the Somoza dictatorial regime in 1978–79 was a dirty affair, and the Contra War of the 1980s took the lives of tens of thousands of Nicaraguans and was the subject of fierce international debate. Because of the political turmoil, failing economy, and decreasing government influence, during the 1980s both the FSLN (a leftist collection of political parties) and the Contras (a rightist collection of counter-revolutionary groups) received large amounts of aid from the Cold War superpowers (respectively, the Soviet Union and the United States).
A peace process started with the Sapoá Accords in 1988 and the Contra War ended after the signing of the Tela Accord in 1989 and the demobilization of the FSLN and Contra armies.[29] A second election in 1990 resulted in the election of a majority of anti-Sandinista parties and the FSLN handing over power.