File:Fimmu-11-01648-g001.jpg
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Summary
DescriptionFimmu-11-01648-g001.jpg |
English: Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 associated cytokine storm and associated damages. Infection with SARS-CoV 2 can stimulate a hyperinflammatory immune response wherein epithelial-cell-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause cell death. ROS can also stimulate the synthesis of NLRP3 and NF-κB which contribute to increased cytokine levels, and thus, the cytokine storm. This essentially causes immune invasion which can lead to clinically relevant conditions such as ARDS, sepsis, MODS and potentially even death. The organs affected as a result of MODS, and their associated symptoms, have been shown. Lower gastrointestinal (GI) is rich in ACE2 receptors and hence at higher risk of infection due to COVID-19. Twenty percent of COVID-19 patients have diarrhea as symptoms. SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NLRP3, (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IFN, interferon; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns; PRR, pattern recognition receptors; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. |
Date | |
Source |
Bhaskar S, Sinha A, Banach M, Mittoo S, Weissert R, Kass JS, Rajagopal S, Pai AR and Kutty S (2020) Cytokine Storm in COVID-19—Immunopathological Mechanisms, Clinical Considerations, and Therapeutic Approaches: The REPROGRAM Consortium Position Paper. Front. Immunol. 11:1648. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01648 |
Author | Sonu Bhaskar, Akansha Sinha, Maciej Banach, Shikha Mittoo, Robert Weissert, Joseph S. Kass, Santhosh Rajagopal, Anupama R. Pai, and Shelby Kutty |
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File history
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 11:15, 3 February 2021 | 1,084 × 943 (337 KB) | Guest2625 | Uploaded a work by Sonu Bhaskar, Akansha Sinha, Maciej Banach, Shikha Mittoo, Robert Weissert, Joseph S. Kass, Santhosh Rajagopal, Anupama R. Pai, and Shelby Kutty from Bhaskar S, Sinha A, Banach M, Mittoo S, Weissert R, Kass JS, Rajagopal S, Pai AR and Kutty S (2020) Cytokine Storm in COVID-19—Immunopathological Mechanisms, Clinical Considerations, and Therapeutic Approaches: The REPROGRAM Consortium Position Paper. Front. Immunol. 11:1648. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01648 with Upl... |
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Metadata
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Width | 3,000 px |
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Height | 3,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 72 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 72 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Windows) |
File change date and time | 14:14, 8 July 2020 |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Color space | Uncalibrated |
Unique ID of original document | 437016FD9214C7F3D770C3C516427348 |
Date and time of digitizing | 00:16, 25 June 2020 |
Date metadata was last modified | 19:44, 8 July 2020 |
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