File:CLIMAP.jpg
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
CLIMAP.jpg (650 × 472 pixels, file size: 124 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. Information from its description page there is shown below. Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. You can help. |
This image was uploaded in the JPEG format even though it consists of non-photographic data. This information could be stored more efficiently or accurately in the PNG or SVG format. If possible, please upload a PNG or SVG version of this image without compression artifacts, derived from a non-JPEG source (or with existing artifacts removed). After doing so, please tag the JPEG version with {{Superseded|NewImage.ext}} and remove this tag. This tag should not be applied to photographs or scans. If this image is a diagram or other image suitable for vectorisation, please tag this image with {{Convert to SVG}} instead of {{BadJPEG}}. If not suitable for vectorisation, use {{Convert to PNG}}. For more information, see {{BadJPEG}}. |
Transwiki approved by: w:en:User:Dmcdevit
This image was copied from iwikipedia:en. The original ##jjhudescription was:97[80]ii
Contents
Summary
This image shows some of the primary results of the Climate: Long range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) project undertaken in the 1970s and 80s. Shown is the outline of the continents after a sea level reduction of 130 meters, the positions of continental ice sheets and winter sea ice, and the change in sea surface temperatures across the oceans (CLIMAP 1981). All three of these are depicted as they are believed to have appeared roughly 18 thousand radiocarbon years ago during the last glacial maximum of the present ice age.
The average cooling of oceanic areas not covered with sea ice is 1.75 °C. On the basis of this and the distribution of ice sheets, it is estimated that Earth as a whole cooled 3.0 ± 0.6 °C during the last glacial maximum (Hoffert and Covey 1992). As most of the climate change in the tropics during this time is believed to have been caused by natural changes in greenhouse gases, this estimate provides a constraint on the radiative forcing associated with those gases and helps to calibrate the amount of change that might be expected from global warming. The estimate of three degrees implies a climate sensitivity to carbon dioxide changes at the low end of the range proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [1] archive copy at the Wayback Machine.
The CLIMAP suggestion that the Pacific warmed during the last glacial maximum has been persistently controversial. To date, no climate model has been able to reproduce the proposed warming in the Pacific (Yin and Battisti 2001), with most preferring a several degree cooling. Also, it appears that climate models which are forced to match the CLIMAP sea surface measurements are too warm to match estimates for changes at continental locations (Pinot et al. 1999). These factors suggest that CLIMAP systematically overestimated the temperatures in the tropical oceans though there is at present no consistent explanation for why or how this should have happened. Unfortunately the cost and difficulty of collecting sediment cores from the open Pacific has limited the availability of samples that might help to confirm or disprove these observations. If the Pacific reconstruction is assumed to be in error, it would result in a larger climate sensitivity to changes in greenhouse gases.
Data
CLIMAP sea surface temperature and glacial data is available through the NOAA paleo collection.
The coastal curves appearing in this figure are improved by incorporating NGDC bathymetry data.
Licensing
This image was prepared by Robert A. Rohde from published data and is part of the Global Warming Art project.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.htmlGFDLGNU Free Documentation Licensetruetrue |
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. | ||
| ||
This licensing tag was added to this file as part of the GFDL licensing update.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/CC BY-SA 3.0Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0truetrue |
References
- Hoffert, M.I. and C. Covey (1992). "Deriving global climate sensitivity from paleoclimate reconstructions". Nature 360: 573-576.
- Jeffrey H. Yin and David S. Battisti (2001). "The Importance of Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Patterns in Simulations of Last Glacial Maximum Climate". Journal of Climate 14 (4): 565–581.
- Pinot, S., G. Ramstein, S.P. Harrison, I.C. Prentice, J. Guiot, M. Stute, S. Joussaume and PMIP-participating-groups (1999). "Tropical paleoclimates at the Last Glacial Maximum: comparison of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) simulations and paleodata". Climate Dynamics 15: 857-874.
- CLIMAP (1981) Seasonal reconstructions of the Earth’s surface at the last glacial maximum in Map Series, Technical Report MC-36, Boulder: Geological Society of America
Original upload log
date/time | username | resolution | size | edit summary |
---|---|---|---|---|
04:50, 8 June 2006 | w:en:User:Dragons flight | 650×472 | 127,454 |
Image description page history
link | date/time | username | edit summary |
---|---|---|---|
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image:CLIMAP.jpg&redirect=no&oldid=57495881 | 08:23, 25 August 2007 | w:en:User:Dmcdevit | |
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image:CLIMAP.jpg&redirect=no&oldid=57495881 | 07:14, 8 June 2006 | w:en:User:Dragons flight | |
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image:CLIMAP.jpg&redirect=no&oldid=57494982 | 07:04, 8 June 2006 | w:en:User:Dragons flight | |
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image:CLIMAP.jpg&redirect=no&oldid=57482683 | 04:52, 8 June 2006 | w:en:User:Dragons flight | |
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image:CLIMAP.jpg&redirect=no&oldid=57482643 | 04:52, 8 June 2006 | w:en:User:Dragons flight | |
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image:CLIMAP.jpg&redirect=no&oldid=57482364 | 04:49, 8 June 2006 | w:en:User:Dragons flight |
Items portrayed in this file
depicts
image/jpeg
56c76e3fed9335a334a78daf44a1824487b8f402
127,454 byte
472 pixel
650 pixel
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
current | 09:24, 25 August 2007 | 650 × 472 (124 KB) | BetacommandBot | Transwiki approved by: w:en:User:Dmcdevit This image was copied from wikipedia:en. The original description was: == Description == This image shows some of the primary results of the [[w:en:Climate: Long range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction |
File usage
Global file usage
The following other wikis use this file:
- Usage on ar.wikipedia.org
- Usage on ca.wikipedia.org
- Usage on cs.wikipedia.org
- Usage on de.wikipedia.org
- Usage on en.wikiversity.org
- Usage on es.wikipedia.org
- Usage on fa.wikipedia.org
- Usage on fr.wikipedia.org
- Usage on id.wikipedia.org
- Usage on it.wikipedia.org
- Usage on mk.wikipedia.org
- Usage on ms.wikipedia.org
- Usage on pl.wikipedia.org
- Usage on pt.wikipedia.org
- Usage on ru.wikipedia.org
- Usage on tr.wikipedia.org
- Usage on uk.wikipedia.org
- Usage on zh.wikipedia.org
Metadata
This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it.
If the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified file.
_error | 0 |
---|